1b Kidney Function Flashcards

1
Q

If a patient is dehydrated, the filtrate present in which of these areas will have the highest osmolarity?

A

Tip of the loop of henle

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2
Q

Why will a patient with hepatic cirrhosis have urine with a high osmolarity?

A

Due to abnormally high water and salt retention

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3
Q

An athlete after finishing their London Marathon run drank 2L of distilled water. What will happen to their plasma osmolarity?

A

Decrease in plasma osmolarity

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4
Q

The increase in plasma concentration of which solute will have no effect on ADH production?

Urea
Glucose
Salt
Ethanol

A

Urea

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5
Q

Sodium excretion is very limited (less than 1% of filtered load) and several mechanisms exist to tightly regulate it. Increasing sodium excretion reduces water retention. Potassium excretion can vary over a very large range (from 1 to 80% of filtered load). Why doesn’t this variability in potassium excretion have a marked effect on water balance?

A

The amount of potassium in the plasma and extracellular is much lower than the amount sodium so that variations in this amount are insufficient to have a marked effect on water balance.

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6
Q

Why do most diuretics increase potassium excretion?

A

The increase in flow rate is detected in the collecting duct and directly stimulates potassium excretion.

The increased tubular flow rate stimulates the primary cilium, which increases PDK 1 -> this increases the calcium concentration inside the cell which increases the openness of the apical potassium channels leading to more POTASSIUM EXCRETION

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7
Q

Ms S, a 25-year-old woman while trekking the Himalayas develops symptoms of dizziness and pain. Following data was collected for her: Blood pH = 7.6, [HCO3-] = 16mEq/L, PCO2 = 25mmHg. Identify her acid-base disorder.
[Normal values: Blood pH = 7.4, [HCO3-] = 24mEq/L, PCO2 = 40mmHg]

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

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8
Q

Ms L, a 25-year-old healthy woman on her holiday develops stomach infection with nausea and vomiting. Following data was collected for her: Blood pH = 7.1, [HCO3-] = 16mEq/L, PCO2 = 30mmHg. Identify the compensatory mechanism being used by her body. [Normal values: Blood pH=7.4, [HCO3-] = 24mEq/L, PCO2 = 40mmHg]

A

Respiratory compensation – Hyperventilation

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9
Q

Ms J, a 25-year-old woman with a history of asthma, on her holiday develops stomach infection with diarrhoea. Following data was collected for her: Blood pH = 7.1, [HCO3-] = 16mEq/L, PCO2 = 45mmHg. Identify her acid-base disorder.
[Normal values: Blood pH = 7.4, [HCO3-] = 24mEq/L, PCO2 = 40mmHg]

A

Mixed Acidosis

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