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PE > 1b - The Structure And Function Of The Cardio-respiratory System > Flashcards

1b - The Structure And Function Of The Cardio-respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

How is the trachea kept open?

A

By rings of cartilage

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2
Q

When the trachea splits into two branches, what are they called?

A

Bronchi

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3
Q

What are the tiny hairs in your trachea called and what is their job?

A
  • Cilia

- they catch dust particles which are then removed by coughing

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4
Q

What is the key feature of the bronchioles?

A
  • they are very narrow; less than 1 mm in diameter

- there is no cartilage between the bronchioles

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5
Q

What is found at the end of the bronchioles?

A

The alveoli

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6
Q

What happens when the bronchi enter the lungs?

A

They split several ways, forming smaller and smaller bronci

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7
Q

What is the name of the smaller bronchi?

A

Bronchioles

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8
Q

True or false - there is just one alveolus at the end of a bronchiole?

A

No, there are several, like a bunch of grapes

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9
Q

Describe the function of the alveoli.

A
  • it’s the exchange of gases
  • the capillaries carry blood around the alveoli. The exchange of oxygen from the lungs into the blood and the exchange of carbon dioxide in the blood, occurs through the walls of the alveoli
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10
Q

How does gaseous exchange take place?

A

By diffusion

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11
Q

What are the two gases involved in gaseous exchange?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Is there a high or low concentration of carbon dioxide in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli?

A

There is a high concentration of carbon dioxide, thus the carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli from the blood and eventually breathed out

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13
Q

What is diffusion?

A

It is the net movement of particles from a high concentration to low concentration

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14
Q

Is there a high or low concentration of oxygen in the alveoli

A

There is a high concentration. Therefore it is easier for diffusion to occur when the oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and into the blood

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15
Q

What order does the respiratory system go in?

A 
Trachea ➡️
bronchi ➡️ 
lungs ➡️ 
bronchioles ➡️ 
And alveoli
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16
Q

Describe the 4 key features which the alveoli have to make gaseous exchange more efficient.

A
  1. The alveoli are very small but there is a large number of them hence they have a large surface area
  2. They have thin walls (one cell thick) meaning shorts diffusion distance. They are also moist walls
  3. That capillaries and the alveoli are touching (short diffusion pathway)
  4. There is a rich supply of blood, each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries
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17
Q

What is it called when oxygen combines with haemoglobin?

A

Oxhaemoglobin

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18
Q

What is inspiration/inhalation?

A
  • It is the intake of air into the lungs, increasing the chest cavity
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19
Q

What is expiration/exhalation?

A
  • it is the release of air out of the lungs, decreasing the chest cavity
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20
Q

What happens in inhalation?

A
  • Intercostal muscles contract
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • chest expands
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21
Q

What happens in exhalation?

A
  • Intercostal muscles relax
  • diaphragm relaxes and goes to dome shape
  • chest relaxes
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22
Q

Explain what happens during inhalation?

A

When the chest cavity expands, its volume increases, this reduces the pressure in the chest cavity. Air passes from the high-pressure outside into lower-pressure inside the lungs.

Thus inhalation happens

23
Q

Explain what happens during exhalation?

A

When the chest cavity relaxes, its volume decreases, this increases the pressure of the chest cavity. Air passes out of the high-pressure lungs to the lower-pressure of the outside atmosphere.

Thus exhalation happens

24
Q

What muscles help assist inhalation during exercise?

A
  • pectoral muscles

- sternocleidomastoid muscles

25
Q

What muscles assist exhalation during exercise

A

The abdominal muscles

26
Q

What apparatus is designed to measure the volume of the lungs?

A

A spirometer

27
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Tidal volume is the volume of air that enters the lungs during normal inspiration at rest

28
Q

What is the average tidal volume?

A

500ml

29
Q

What is residual volume?

A

It is the volume of left in the lungs following maximal expiration

30
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of extra air inspired (above tidal volume) during a deep breath in

31
Q

How high can inspiratory reserve volume get?

A

As high as 3000 mL

32
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

It is the volume of extra air expired (above tidal volume) during a forceful breath out

33
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels?

A
  • artery
  • vein
  • capillary
34
Q

What is the job of the arteries?

A

They carry blood away from the heart

35
Q

Is the blood in the arteries at high or low pressure?

A

High

36
Q

Fully describe arteries.

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart
  • most (but not all) arteries carry bright red oxygenated blood
  • they stretch as blood surges through and then return to normal shape / they have a pulse
  • thick, muscular and elastic walls to withstand pressure
  • small lumen
37
Q

Fully describe capillaries.

A
  • huge network of tiny vessels linking arteries and veins
  • very narrow - only one red blood cell at a time
  • very thin walls (one cell thick) to allow rapid diffusion of substances into and out of the blood
38
Q

Fully describe veins.

A
  • Carry blood towards the heart
  • most (but not all) veins carry dark red deoxygenated blood
  • no stretch and no pulse
  • thin walled
  • large lumen
  • contain valves to prevent backflow of blood
39
Q

How does vasoconstriction and vasodilation occur?

A

The rings of muscle in the arteries can contract.

When they make it smaller. This is vasoconstriction.

When they make it bigger this is vasodilation. Vasodilation tends to mostly occur during exercise to allow more blood to flow to the working muscles

40
Q

What parts make up the heart?

A

The heart has 4 chambers:

  • left and right atrium
  • left and right ventricle

The heart also contains a ventricular septum

41
Q

What side of the heart takes in the deoxygenated blood?

A

The deoxygenated blood comes through the vena cava into the left atrium and ventricle and gets delivered to the lungs to get oxygenated

42
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

It is a sequence of events that occur when the heart beats. One cardiac cycle is the heart taking in the blood and then pumping it out.

43
Q

Name the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • diastole

- systole

44
Q

What happens in the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

The heart ventricles relax, the valves open and the heart fills with blood

45
Q

What happens in the systole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

The heart ventricles contract and this forces the blood to be pumped out into the arteries. The valves also close to prevent backflow of blood into the heart

46
Q

True or false - The systole and diastole phases of the cardiac cycle happen at the same time?

A

True

47
Q

What are the valves called between the atrium and the ventricles?

A

The atrioventricular veins

48
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

It is the volume of blood that the heart is able to pump out

49
Q

What is cardiac output measured in?

A

Liters per minute

50
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (Q) = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)

51
Q

What is heart rate?

A

It is the number of times the heart beats each minute

52
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

It is the volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction

53
Q

What happens to the heart rate before exercising?

A
  • it increases, this is called anticipatory rise

- it is the expectation of exercise

PE (2 decks)

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