1.Biochemistry Intro

Question 1

What are the five characteristics of living matter?

Answer 1

1. High complexity and organization
2. Use of energy to create and maintain structures and do work
3. Interactions of individual components is dynamic and coordinated
4. Sense and respond to environmental changes
5. Precise self-replication

Question 2

How does living matter display a high degree of complexity and organization?

Answer 2

many different molecules

Question 3

How does living matter use energy to create and maintain structure and do work?

Answer 3

chemical reactions require and release energy

Question 4

How are interactions in living matter dynamic and coordinated?

Answer 4

molecules interact through different molecular forces

Question 5

How does living matter sense and respond to environmental changes?

Answer 5

occurrence of chemical reactions and molecule transitions

Question 6

How is living matter able to precisely self-replicate?

Answer 6

molecules make up genetic information

Question 7

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 7

Bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya

Question 8

How are the relationships in the domain tree based off of?

Answer 8

similarity in rRNA sequences

Question 9

What does the domain tree relate?

Answer 9

similarity on a molecular level

Question 10

What are the three kingdoms in the prokaryote category?

Answer 10

archaea, bacteria, and Protista

Question 11

What are the three categories in the eukaryote category?

Answer 11

fungi, plants, animals

Question 12

What is an aerobic organism?

Answer 12

they derive energy from electron transfer to oxygen

Question 13

What is an anaerobic organism?

Answer 13

they derive energy by electron transfer to N, S, Co2

Question 14

What are the four common structures in all cells?

Answer 14

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material

Question 15

What are the common traits between plant and animals cells?(7)

Answer 15

membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Er, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and cytoskeleton

Question 16

What are the two cell traits only animals have?

Answer 16

lysosomes and peroxisomes

Question 17

What do plants have in their cells that are specific to them? (5)

Answer 17

chloroplasts, vacuole, glyoxysome, plasmodesma, cell wall

Question 18

What is the simplest cell type?

Answer 18

bacteria

Question 19

What are the four main macromolecules that makeup bacteria cells?

Answer 19

carbs, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid

Question 20

What is unique about eukaryotic cells?

Answer 20

they have membrane-bound organelles and are more complex

Question 21

What is unique about bacterial cells?

Answer 21

have flagella and pili

Question 22

What type of homeostasis do cells stay in?

Answer 22

dynamic

Question 23

Define phototrophs

Answer 23

use the sun as an energy source

Question 24

What type of organisms are phototrophs?

Answer 24

Plants and some bacteria

Question 25

Define chemotrophs

Answer 25

use chemical energy sources

Question 26

What category, based on energy and carbon source, are humans in?

Answer 26

chemoheterotrophs

Question 27

What category, based on energy and carbon source, are plants in?

Answer 27

photoautotrophs

Question 28

What are the six most essential elements for life?

Answer 28

C, H, O, N, P, and S

Question 29

Why is carbon important?

Answer 29

versatile and can bond with itself and other elements

Question 30

What do stereoisomers arrangements cause?

Answer 30

same chemical property, but different physical properties

Question 31

What are geometric isomers?

Answer 31

different physical and chemical properties

Question 32

What are the two examples of geometric isomers?

Answer 32

cis and trans

Question 33

Define a trans isomer

Answer 33

groups of different sides

Question 34

Define a cis isomer

Answer 34

groups on the same side

Question 35

Define enantiomers

Answer 35

mirrored images of each other

Question 36

Define diastereomers

Answer 36

non-mirror images

Question 37

What do enantiomer's arrangements cause?

Answer 37

cause different biological properties

Question 38

Define stereospecific

Answer 38

arrangement determines how it reacts

Question 39

Why is RNA versatile?

Answer 39

it can be both the information carrier and biocatalyst

Question 40

What does near-perfect replication allow?

Answer 40

natural selection to occur

Question 41

What is the central dogma?

Answer 41

DNA-RNA-protein

Question 42

What is the RNA world theory?

Answer 42

started with short RNA molecules with random sequences, they selectively replicated, specific peptides catalyzed by RNA, evolution of RNA and protein, translation system develops, genomic RNA beings to be copied into DNA

Question 43

How does natural selection favor some mutations?

Answer 43

mutations that are good will stick around

Question 44

How does endosymbiosis work?

Answer 44

allows chemical reactions to occur that would not have been able to before

Question 45

How did endosymbiosis occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 45

mitochondria and chloroplasts were brought into eukaryotic cells to perform specialized functions