1.CVD

Question 1

describe the structure of the heart

Answer 1

2 atria and 2 ventricles

the SA node is the pace maker and the AVN

Question 2

what nerve fibres are in the heart

Answer 2

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres

Question 3

how do impulse travel down the heart

Answer 3

There is a slight delay between the impulses passing from the SAN to the AVN to allow the ventricles to fill with blood from the atria, the impulse passes down the bundle of His and then down the purkinye fibres to initiate heart contraction from the base of the apex upwards

Question 4

describe p waves

Answer 4

depolarisation of the atria

Question 5

describe P-R segment

Answer 5

times it takes for the electrical activity to move from atria to ventricle

Question 6

describe QRS

Answer 6

ventricular depolarisation

Question 7

describe ST segment

Answer 7

time between depolarisation and depolarisation

Question 8

what is the equation for cardiac output

Answer 8

cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

Question 9

what are the signs and symptoms of diastolic failure

Answer 9

atigue, breathlessness and general feeling of not being able to keep up with exercise, Peripheral oedema

Question 10

what are the symptoms of left sided heart failure

Answer 10

pulmonary oedema

Question 11

what are the common causes of heart failure

Answer 11

atherscelorosis 
Hypertension 
faulty heart valves 
dilated cardiomyopathy 
arrhythmias

Question 12

what are some common faulty heart valve diseases

Answer 12

congenital malformations
rheumatic fevers
calcification and stenosis

Question 13

what can dilated cardiomyopathy be triggered by

Answer 13

drugs
alcohol
rec drugs such as cocaine

Question 14

what is the tx of heart failure

Answer 14

Lifestyle changes: including exercise and resistance training, limiting alcohol or stopping completely, smoking cessation,
Patients with heart disease have chronic illness and are immunocompromised and therefore regular immunisations are needed to ensure patients are healthy

Question 15

what are some pharmaceuticals for heart failure

Answer 15

furosemide 
enalapril 
bisoprolol 
digoxin 
spironolactone 
losartan

Question 16

what re some surgical techniques for heart failure

Answer 16

coronary artery bypass graft
heart valve replacement
implantable cardiac defibrillator

Question 17

describe peripheral arterial disease

Answer 17

affects the lower limbs and feet

Question 18

how does peripheral arterial disease start

Answer 18

muscle pain on exercise

Question 19

how does peripheral arterial disease advance

Answer 19

gangrene, ischaemic toes and can lead to amputation

Question 20

why might coronary artery disease

Answer 20

dyslipidaemia
hypertension
tobacco smoking
RA

Question 21

what is the clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease

Answer 21

stable angina

acute coronary syndrome

Question 22

what are the four determinants of BP

Answer 22

cardiac output
total peripheral resistance
circulating BV
blood viscosity

Question 23

what re some risk actors of high bP

Answer 23

age 
obesity 
high salt 
afro carribean 
genetic predisposition

Question 24

what are some pharmacological risk factors for high bp

Answer 24

cocaine use 
cyclosporin 
OCP 
Overuse of NSAIDS 
alcohol abuse 
corticosteroids 
stress

Question 25

what is the management of high bP

Answer 25

Ace inhibitors B eta blockers C album Chanel blockers D diuretics

Question 26

what is infective endocarditis diagnosed by

Answer 26

duke criteria

Question 27

what is infective endocarditis

Answer 27

It is invasion of heart valves or heart chamber by a microbe eg bacteria or fungi

Question 28

high risk factors for developement

Answer 28

PROSTHETIC CARDIAC VALVE prior episodes of endocarditis complex congenital cardiac defects

Question 29

moderate risk factors for development of infective endocarditis

Answer 29

``` Patent ductus arteriosus Septal defects Corarctation of the aorta Bicuspid aortic valve Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Acquired valvular dysfunction ```

Question 30

how does bacteria get into the blood

Answer 30

any route of entrance- IVDU wounds strep viridans- from the mouth strep aureus from the skin

Question 31

which bacteria can cause infective endocarditis

Answer 31

``` → Haemophilus → Aggregetibacter → Cardiobacterium → Eikenella Kingella ```

Question 32

what is the clinical FEATURES of IE

Answer 32

``` fever consistent sign rapidly developing fever chills weakness ```

Question 33

what is the clinical presentation of IE

Answer 33

New heart murmer + fever= we assume infective endocarditis until proven otherwise Patients can present with acute illness and the classic features of a new heart murmur and fever May however present with sub acute insidious illness

Question 34

clinical manifestations of lesions breaking off

Answer 34

laneway lesions osler nodes Roth spots FROM JANE

Question 35

Tx of IE

Answer 35

IV antibiotics | penicillin