1er Parcial

Question 1

The five components of Earth system.

Answer 1

Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Cryosphere
Geosphere
Biosphere

Question 2

The gaseous layer surrounding Earth, composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases (0.35% CO2)

Answer 2

ATMOSPHERE

Question 3

The atmosphere layers

Answer 3

TROPOSPHERE
STRATOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
THERMOSPHERE
EXOSPHERE

Question 4

Atmosphere layer where wind, climate and life exist, its temperature is about 20ºC

Answer 4

TROPOSPHERE

Question 5

Atmosphere layer where it is located the Ozone layer. Its temperature is about -30ºC

Answer 5

STRATOSPHERE

Question 6

Atmosphere layer where meteors burn and it iss seen the Aurora Borealis.

Answer 6

MESOSPHERE

Question 7

Atmosphere functions

Answer 7

1) Contains oxygen for humans and used for photosynthesis.
2) Filters solar rays
3) Regulates nature cycles: carbon, nitrogen, water
4) Retain heat through greenhouse

Question 8

Earth system component that involves the water on Earth.

Answer 8

HYDROSPHERE

Question 9

Percentage of water on Earth

Answer 9

97% sea salty

3% fresh

Question 10

Hydrosphere functions

Answer 10

1) Regulate heat (high heat storage capacity)
2) Regulate micro weather at coastal areas
3) Regulate soil erosion

Question 11

Earth system component that involves frozen water covering 10% surface of the planet.

Answer 11

CRYOSPHERE

Question 12

Sources of frozen water

Answer 12

SNOW, POLAR CAPS, ICEBERGS, GLACIERS, PERMAFROST

Question 13

Cryosphere functions

Answer 13

1) Heat storage

2) Avoid Earth from overheating, white color reflects part of the sunlight.

Question 14

Earth system component made up by thin layers of solid ruck crust and a molten interior.

Answer 14

GEOSPHERE

Question 15

Layer of the Earth where life exists. Heights up to 10km above sea level, marine depth over 8km deep.

Answer 15

BIOSPHERE

Question 16

The continuous flow of carbon going in and out of the atmosphere.

Answer 16

CARBON CYCLE

Question 17

Mechanisms that remove carbon from the atmosphere.

Answer 17

CARBON SINKS

Question 18

Main carbon sinks:

Answer 18

Oil deposits of decay organic matter (past)

Oceans, growing forests.

Question 19

Explain Carbon cycle

Answer 19

Plants get CO2 used for respiration and photosynthesis, a part goes into soil and some of it is used for microbial respiration, emitting carbon.
Human factories emit.
There is an exchange in sea, where the amount of carbon used for photosynthesis and respiration is proportional to the one emitted toward the surface of the ocean and to the ocean sediment.

Question 20

The instantaneous values of atmospheric conditions.

Answer 20

WEATHER

Question 21

List momentaneous values that compose weather.

Answer 21

Temperature, humidity, pressure, precipitation, winds, cloudiness.

Question 22

The average weather is called.

Answer 22

CLIMATE

Question 23

Three causes of climate change

Answer 23

SUNSPOTS CYCLES
VOLCANIC BURSTS
MOLANKOVICH CYCLES

Question 24

Cause of climate change that have reduced concentrations of temperature in the surface of the Sun, caused by magnetic field flux.

Answer 24

SUNSPOT CYCLES (10-12 YEARS)

Question 25

The volcanic eruptions have opposite effects on climate change due to...

Answer 25

1. Dust and ash, within sulfure particle COOL DOWN. | 2. Greenhouse gases emitted HEAT UP

Question 26

Milankovich cycle that shows that the Earth orbit around the sun is changing.

Answer 26

ECCENTRICITY (100,000 YEARS)

Question 27

Milankovich cycle that shows a variation in the Earth's axis' inclination.

Answer 27

TILT (41,000 YEARS)

Question 28

Milankovich cycle that shows axis oscillation.

Answer 28

PRECESSION

Question 29

Climate measuring elements

Answer 29

GEODYNAMIC: Temperature, atm pressure, winds ACQUEOUS: Humidity, cloudiness, rainfall

Question 30

Humidity percentages

Answer 30

0-1%: Arctic Circles 1-3%: Mid-latitudes 2-4%: Tropics

Question 31

Why is it warmer at the equator?

Answer 31

Because of the Earth axis tilt.

Question 32

FACT

Answer 32

The less humid the place, the nearer and thinner the clouds

Question 33

Wind types

Answer 33

PERIODICAL: breezes REGULAR: Hayley, Ferrel, polar cells IRREGULAR: hurricanes, tornados, local winds

Question 34

Explain sea and earth breezes (regional)

Answer 34

On the day, Earth warms land, thus the air as well, "lifting" it and then it cools down, so we get that sea breeze. At night, soil cools as does the air, so it "lowes" and periodically gets warmer at sea, rising.

Question 35

Explain montain and valley breezes.

Answer 35

On the day, the air is warmed up, so it is lifted to the mountains to create valleybreezes. At night, the air cools down, so it rushes down through the mountains.

Question 36

Periodic winds work

Answer 36

On SUMMer, the air is warm, and cools down somepoint in the ocean, so it is a cycle, water condenses and precipitates on the coast (RAINY SUMMERS) On WINTER, the air is cool down and warmed up somepoint in the ocean, condensing and leaving the coast without precipitation (DRY WINTERS)

Question 37

Regular winds work

Answer 37

Air is warmer at the equator so it rises and splits to north or south, after it the wind cools down and some of it returns to the equator and the other goes into the opposite side, where it encounters polar winds, rising both again, and determining a cycle. The warmer the air, the more precipitation (less capacity of holding moisture)

Question 38

Forests and Deserts

Answer 38

When air rises, it condenses and happens precipitation; when it cools down, it is dry.

Question 39

Climate factors

Answer 39

``` Sunlight Altitude Latitude Land-water distribution Vegetation Marine currents Wind direction ```

Question 40

Phenomenon whereby certain gases retain part of the energy that emits earth heated by the sun

Answer 40

GREENHOUSE EFFECT (4BILLION YEARS)

Question 41

What is ALBEDO?

Answer 41

The whiter the surface, the more reflective. (1) The darker the surface, the more absorbent. (0) Average albedo: 0.31

Question 42

Greenhouse gases

Answer 42

CO2 (82%), CH4 (9%) -Permafrost N2O (6%) -Fertilizers Fluorinated (3%) -Refrigerants

Question 43

Main sources of CO2 (82%)

Answer 43

- Electricity (38%) - Transportation (32%) - Industry (14%)

Question 44

Main sources of CH4 (9%)

Answer 44

- Natural gas and petroleum system (29%) - Enteric Fermentation (25%) - Landfills (18%)-microbes decoposing

Question 45

Main sources of N20 (6%)

Answer 45

- Agriculture (75%) - Industry or chemical production (6%) - Stationary combustion (5%)

Question 46

Main sources of Fluorinated gases (3%)

Answer 46

-Substitutes for ozone.depleting chemicals (89%)

Question 47

How long do greenhouse gases last?

Answer 47

CO2: 200 years N2O: 110-120 years CH4: 12 years Fluorinated: thousands

Question 48

measure of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2).

Answer 48

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP)

Question 49

measure of the impact our activities have on the environment

Answer 49

CARBON FOOTPRINT. | AV: 4,000 KG OF CO2 PER PERSON

Question 50

Is the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of fertile land required to sustain their consumption.

Answer 50

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT