Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ADV PATH > 1F-CNS > Flashcards

1F-CNS Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Most common tumor of the brain

A

Glial tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What grade of Astrocytoma?

Circumscribed; bipolar and multipolar cells, microcysts, Rosenthal fibers, granular bodies, vascular proliferation or focal necrosis

A

Grade 1: Pilocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What grade of Astrocytoma?

  • Moderate hypercellularity
  • Mild nuclear atypia
  • No or minimal mitotic activity
A

Grade 2: Diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What grade of Astrocytoma?

  • Increased cellularity
  • Diffuse infiltration
  • Increased nuclear atypia
  • Increased mitotic activity
A

Grade 3: Anaplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What grade of Astrocytoma?

  • Vascular proliferation
  • Widespread necrosis
  • Crowded anaplastic cells
  • Marked nuclear atypia
  • Brisk mitotic activity
A

Grade 4: Glioblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Largest group of gliomas

A

Grade 2: Diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma is most prevalent in what age

A

Adults

*can also be seen in children; affects all ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Location of Diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma

A

At any level of central neuraxis

  • Predilection:
  • Adults: Supratentorial, cerebral cortex (Cerebral hemisphere)
  • Children: Infratentorial, cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Symptoms of Diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma

A
  • Headaches
  • Seizures
  • Focal sensorimotor deficits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Three variants of Diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma

A
  • Fibrillary: most frequent; thread-like
  • Gemistocytic: plump cells
  • Protoplasmic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DIffuse astrocytoma occurring in 3rd-4th decade of life; characterized by discohesive patternless array of glial cells

A

Fibrillary astrocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Important gross characteristic of Fibrillary astrocytoma

A

Spatially indistinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Symptoms presenting in Fibrillary astrocytoma

A
  • Intermittent seizures

- Headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Microscopic features of Fibrillary astrocytoma

A
  • Calcospherites
  • Hair-like cytoplasmic processes
  • Microcysts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This evolves from a well-differentiated astrocytoma; Demonstrates nuclear angulation, dense hyperchromasia, pleomorphism, and mitotic figures

A

Grade 3: Anaplastic astrocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neoplastic transformation of committed astroglial progenitors

A

Grade 4: Glioblastoma multiforme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oncogenic pathways involved in Glioblastoma multiforme

A
  • TP53 mutation/ deletion
  • Loss of heterozygosity in chr 10
  • EGFR amplification
  • PTEN mutation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme characteristics

A
  • More rapid growth
  • Destructive invasion
  • Very aggressive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Microscopic features of Glioblastoma multiforme

A
  • Highly cellular
  • Mitotically active
  • Bizarre multinucleated giant cells or small anaplastic cells
  • Coagulative necrosis w/ or w/o palisading cells
  • Glomeruloid appearing microvascular proliferation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Well-circumscribed, gelatinous masses often with cysts, hemorrhage, and calcification; occurs in 4th-5th decade of life

A

Oligodendroglioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Location of Oligodendroglioma

A

White matter of cerebral hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Impt. microscopic characteristic of Oligodendroglioma

A

Spherical nuclei with halo of cytoplasm (“sunny side up fried egg appearance”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T or F: Oligodendroglioma has worse prognosis than astrocytoma

A

FALSE

*Better prognosis than astrocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CNS tumor usually found centrally in the brain or spinal cord; often manifested with hydrocephalus and CSF dissemination

A

Ependymoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Locations of ependymoma
● Most often at ependyma-lined ventricular system ● First two decade of life - fourth ventricle ● In adults - spinal cord
26
Impt. microscopic feature of ependymoma
Ependymal rosette
27
T or F: Ependymoma has a poor prognosis
TRUE *because of its behavior and location
28
Most common mixed gliomas
Oligoastrocytoma
29
Location of Mixed glioma
- Supratentorial tumors of adulthood | - Favors frontal and temporal lobes
30
T or F: Mixed gliomas are more common than pure gliomas
FALSE, they are rare
31
Very aggressive CNS tumors that are common among children; they are derived from primitive neuroepithelial precursors
Embryonal neuroepithelial tumors
32
Microscopic characteristic of Embryonal neuroepithelial tumors
Small anaplastic cells uncommitted to any particular cytogenetic pathway
33
Most common primitive neuroepithelial neoplasm in CNS
Medulloblastoma
34
Very primitive-looking cells coupled with rosette-like configuration
Medulloblastoma
35
Age of occurrence in Medulloblastoma
Children: 5-10 y/o Adult: 3rd-4th decade
36
Location of Medulloblastoma
Cerebellar vermis * 75% of childhood lesions arise in the cerebellar vermis - - often expanding to fill the 4th ventricle - - producing obstructive hydrocephalus
37
T or F: Medulloblastoma are highly malignant and are resistant to radiotherapy
FALSE ● Rapid growth (highly malignant) ● Radiosensitive
38
T or F: When you can identify the tumor from normal tissue, most likely it is benign. Malignant tumors have indistinct borders
FALSE - When you can identify the tumor from normal tissue, most likely it is MALIGNANT - BENIGN tumors have indistinct borders
39
Pineal gland tumor that has an aggressive local growth with destructive invasion of neighboring structures. it has predilection for children and adolescents and has proclivity for dissemination via the CSF
Pineoblastoma
40
Pineal gland tumor that has a varied histology and unpredictable biologic potential; has rosette structures
Pineocytoma
41
T or F: What would differentiate medulloblastoma from pineocytoma is the location
TRUE
42
Most common CNS neoplasm in immunosuppressed patients
Primary brain lymphoma
43
CNS lesion of B-cell origin, often with multiple tumor masses
Primary brain lymphoma
44
A common CNS lesion arising from meningothelial cells of the arachnoid which may compress the underlying brain
Meningiomas
45
T or F: Most meningiomas are benign
TRUE
46
What grade of Meningioma? ○ Less than four mitotic figures per 10 hpf
Grade I: Meningioma
47
What grade of Meningioma? ○ Increased mitotic activity: 4-19 per 10 hpf ○ Or three or more of the following: ■ Increased cellularity ■ Small cells with high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio ■ Prominent nucleoli ■ Sheetlike and/or patternless growth pattern ■ Foci of spontaneous or geographic necrosis
Grade II: Atypical meningioma
48
What grade of Meningioma? ○ Increased mitotic activity >19 per 10 hpf ○ Or malignant and or anaplastic cytologic appearance
Grade III: Anaplastic meningioma
49
Most frequent nerve sheath tumor; benign
Schwannomas
50
Location of schwannomas
Adults: Cerebellopontine angle or lumbosacral spinal extramedullary space
51
Schwannoma that originates in the vestibular branch of the CN VIII
Acoustic schwannoma or neuroma
52
Microscopic features of Schwannoma
Antoni A, Antoni B, Verrucae bodies
53
Antoni A vs Antoni B
- Antoni A: very cellular; palisading of the nuclei (verrucae bodies) - Antoni B: loose area
54
Malignant counterpart of Scwannoma
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
55
Origin of Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
- Half arise de novo | - Other half from nerves involved by neurofibromatosis
56
Two conditions where MPNST should be the primary consideration
○ When the tumor develops in a patient with a type I Recklinghausen’s disease ○ When the tumor is obviously arising with the anatomic compartment of a major nerve
57
Histologic characteristics of MPNST
- Serpentine shape of tumor cells - Arrangements in palisade or whorls - Marked contrast between deeply hyperchromatic nuclei and pale cytoplasm - Perivascular concentration of cells - Abundant mitosis.
58
Secondary brain tumors origin
- Direct extension | - Hematogenous metastasis
59
Most common primary sites
Lung, breast, skin, kidney, GIT
60
T or F: Sarcomas typically spread to the brain directly
FALSE *Sarcomas typically spread to the lungs first en route to the brain.
61
Most common location of secondary tumors
Frontoparietal cerebral tissues
62
Reason behind the common location of secondary tumors
Due to middle cerebral artery
63
T or F: Metastatic lesions are usually compact in their growth pattern and thus tend themselves to excision
TRUE
64
Histologic characteristic of Secondary tumors in the brain
Conform to the histology of the primary site.
65
T or F: A confident diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma can often be made at the time of surgery by examination of the smear or crush preparation showing cellular cohesion of most epithelial neoplasms.
TRUE

ADV PATH (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions