1.historical founations of neurooscience

Question 1

Ancinet Greeks

Answer 1

belived that the brain is the organ of sensation.

Question 2

Hippocrastes

Answer 2

brain not only invovled in sensation but also the of

Question 3

Aristotle

Answer 3

heart as the seat of mind and soul ,the function of brain is to cool the passions of the heart.

Question 4

Galen

Answer 4

-developed further the Hippocratic view that the brain (or at least the head) is the seat of the mind. Dessected animals ,identified major division of the brain.

Question 5

leonardo da Vinci

Answer 5

neuroscients provided deatiled anatomical drawings of the ventricular system in the brain: considered senastion and movements as the passge of “animals soirt” in the hollow nevers (transito della virtu anjmalla).

Question 6

Rene Descartes

Answer 6

mind body dualism: dualism: mind ,unlike the body,is a nonmaterial (or spirtual ) entity: the mind interacts with the body at the pineal gland.

(In the philosophy of mind, mind–body dualism denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical,[1] or that the mind and body are distinct and separable.[2] Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, as well as between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem.)

Question 7

Thomas Willias

Answer 7

The author of cerebri anatome who compaired human brain to a sheep brain. He argued the spectacular difference is between the cerebral cortex of humans and othet animals . “ He mean the cerebrum is the primary seat of the rational soul in man ,and of the senitive soul in animaks. ( the source of movements and ideas.

Question 8

Sir Cristopher Wren

Answer 8

cerebri anatome (1664) , he agree “the cerebrum is the primary seat of the rational soul in man and of the sensotive soul in animals .it is the soure of movements and ideas. helped establish that perception,cognition ,movement ,memory are allmfunctions of the brain substans itself

Question 9

marie -Jean -Pierre

Answer 9

Flourens: Agreagted field theory
founder of experimental brain sciense -the first to carry out experiemental brain lesions (in rabbits and pigeons).

Question 10

Phineas P.Gage

Answer 10

-a railroad worked who suffered a traumatic brain injury.
Damage to frontal lobes could affect aspects of personality ,emotion regulation,and socially acceptable . behaviour. frontal lobotomy/leucotomy)

Question 11

Pual Broca (1824-1880):

Answer 11

his famus patient Leborgne who,as a result of stroke lost his ability so speak and was only capable of uttering a word “tan tan tan” (although he could still understand language).

Question 12

Wernicke’s area

Answer 12

reported a stroke victim who could talk quite freely but made little sense when he spoke: “ you know that smoodle pinkered and that i want to get him round and take care of him like you want before .additionally,he could not understand spoken or writtwn language.

when examining his brain ,Wernicke observed that he hade a lesion in more posterior region of the left hemishere.
the firast areas of the brain to be associated with a specific function:

damage to Broca,s area (Yellow) distrunts language production of expression) . (expressive aphasia).
Damage to Wernicke’s area (pink) disrupts language (receptive aphasia).

Question 13

franz josph Gall

Answer 13

prenology :he arguted postulated approx.35 specific function that are localized to specfic brain regions

Question 14

Flourens

Answer 14

. he destroyed part osf the nrains of piggeons and rabbits and observed what happened. he was the first to shown that ,indeed ,ceratin parts of the brin were responsible for ceratin functions ,when he removed the cerebrain.

Question 15

The evolutionary

Answer 15

It is a perspective often helps us to ask more informed questions and provides insight into how and why the brain functions as it does.

During most of our history,life was given over to mechanisms that enable us to generate theories about the characteristics of human nature therived inside the heads of anacient humans.

Question 16

Egyptologist Henrik Frankfort

Answer 16

it is called this leap ”breath –taking”: these men proceeded,with preposterous boldness on an entirely unproved assumption. They held that the universe is an single order underlives the chaos for our perceptions and furthermore ,that we are able to comprehend that order.

Question 17

The Pre-Socratic Greek

Answer 17

Philosopher Thales,Presaging modern cognitive neuroscience rejected supernatural explantions of phenomena and proclaimed that every event had a natural cause. But on the subject of cognition,the early Greeks were limited in what they could say:

they did not have the methodology to systematically explore the brain and the thoughts it produces ( the mind through experimentation).

Question 18

Rene Descartes

Answer 18

He belivied that the boy (including the brain ) had material properties and worked like a machine,whereas the minds was nonmaterial and thus did nonmaterial and thus did not follow the the laws of nature(i.e., Newton’s laws pf physics).

Even so, he though that the two interacted: the mind could influence the body and through the passions” the body could influence the mind. He had a difficult time figuring out where this interaction occurred but decided it must have been inside a single brain structute(i.e., not one found bilaterally), and the pineal gland was all that he could find that fit this description

Question 19

Technique anaomical personology

Answer 19

The idea that character could be dividned throuh palpating the skull was dubbed phrenology by Gall was a pysician and neuroanatomist ,he was not a scientist. He observed correlations and sought only to confirm,not disprove,them.

The academy asked pyhsiologist Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens to see wheteher he could come up with any concrete findings that could back up this theory.

Question 20

Flourens

Answer 20

He destroyed parts of the brains of pigeons and rabbits and observed what happened. He was the first to show that ,indeed,ceratin parts of the brain were responsible for ceratin functions.

when he removed the cerebral hemisphereas,the animal no longer had perception,motor ability and judgment. Without the cerebellum,the animals became uncoordinated and lost their requilibrium. He could not ,however, find and reas for advanced abilites such as memory or cognition ,and he concluded that these were more diffusely scattered througout the brain.

Question 21

England,the neurologist John HUGHLINGS Jackson b

Answer 21

Johan pusblish his observations on the behavior of persons with brain damge. A key feaure of Jackson’s writing was the incorporation of suggestions for experiments to test this observaions.

He notcied ,for example ,that during the start of their seizures ,some epiletic patients moved in such sharacterisstci ways that the seizure apperared to be stimulating a set map of the body in the brain :

that is ,the abnormal firings of neurons in the brain produced clonic and tonic jeks in muscles that progressed in the same orderly pattern from one body part to another.

Question 22

Jackson stroke

Answer 22

Jackson noticed that it was rare for a patient to lose a function capacity to speak following a cerebral stroke could still say som words patients unable to move their hands voluntarily to specfic place if they itched. When many region of The brain contribute to a given behaviór.

Question 23

Tan had developed aphasia

Answer 23

he coulde understand language but Tan was only word he could utter. Broca found that had a syphilitic lesion inhis left hemisphere inferior frontal lob. this region is now called Broca’area. the impact of this finding was hunge

Question 24

Brodmannen

Answer 24

He used tissue stains ,such as the one develpoed by the german neurologist Franz Nissel that permitted him to visualize the different cell types in different brain regions.

Question 25

Camillo Golgi

Answer 25

an Italian pysician,developed one of the most famous cell statins in the history of the world: the silver method for staining neurons-la reazine nera, ”the black reaction” –which impregnated individual neurons with silver chromate. This stain permists visualization of individual neurons in their entirety.

Question 26

Korbinian Brodmanna

Answer 26

He cut the brain cerebral cortex .identified 52 different regions of cerebral cortex .This area Brodmann’s mapp or “Brodmann areas”

Question 27

Wilder Penfield

Answer 27

He found the stimulated areas anterior the central sulcus he could see patentien suddenly did all kids of movements. The posterior region of the central sulcus patients reported having all kinds of strange bodily sensations. He stimulated regions around the central sulcus.

Question 28

Wilder Penfield

Answer 28

Did micro-stimulation of the brain surface in awake patinents allowed functional mapping.

Question 29

Roger W. Sperry

Answer 29

Roger W.Sperry (1913-1994), investigated this and conducted experiments on animals where he cut through the corpus callosum and looked over how the information is transferred. What he could find was that visual and tactile information that is larterlized to one hemisphere then cannot reach the other hemisphere if there is no corpus callosum.

The experiments done by Sperry later became a foundations for later studies he conducted together with Michael S. Gazzaniga. Together with Micheal S. Gazzaniga he started studying split brain patients. These are patients that has a corpus callosum that has been cut through to help them with epilepsy