1S End of Year Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Domestic System?
A
The “Domestic System” is the name given for the way most goods were made in 1750.
2
Q
What does the “Domestic System” mean?
A
The “Domestic System” means home-working.
3
Q
How were the machines like during the domestic system?
A
The machines used in people’s homes were simple, took up little space, and were worked by hand.
4
Q
What did the employers pay their workers for in the “Domestic System”?
A
Employers only paid the workers for what they made and workers usually rented the machines they used. They had to pay rent on these machines even if there was no work.
5
Q
Since when had the “Domestic System” been in use?
A
Since the Middle Ages.
6
Q
What was the problem with the “Domestic System”?
A
The system only worked if workers could make enough goods for all the people who wanted them but since Britain’s population was growing fast, people needed the goods at a faster speed than the Domestic System could produce.
7
Q
Why was the population growing?
A
Thanks to better diets, improved healthcare, less disease and established personal hygiene, less people were dying at a young age. However, the population could only prosper if they could be well fed
8
Q
How were the very first machines powered?
A
The early machines were powered by waterwheels.
9
Q
Where did the early factories have to be built and why?
A
Early factories had to be built near fast flowing rivers due to the fact that the machines were powered by waterwheels.
10
Q
How did the very first machines work?
A
The machines were powered by water wheels. These wheels were turned by the rivers and streams. The wheel drove the machinery inside the building through a system of gears.
11
Q
What was the first industry to have new factories?
A
The Textile Industry.
12
Q
What is the water frame?
A
A machine best powered by water to spin thread. It could also work on horse power.
13
Q
Who invented the water frame?
A
Richard Arkwright
14
Q
What year did he invent the water frame?
A
In 1769
15
Q
Where did Arkwright build his first factory?
A
In Nottingham, then he moved to Cromford in Derbyshire.
16
Q
What was Britain’s population in 1700?
A
Around 9 million.
17
Q
What was Britain’s population in 1900?
A
Around 42 million.
18
Q
Name 3 reasons Britain’s population grew so much in 200 years.
A
- People were having more children.
- Less people were dying of diseases.
- People had more to eat.
19
Q
What happened during the Agricultural Revolution?
A
There was a dramatic increase in the number of crops and livestock produced.
20
Q
What did this mean?
A
Because there was more food, prices dropped and more people could buy the food. This meant that the diet of British people improved.
21
Q
Why the Agricultural Revolution happen?
A
Most importantly, because of improved and better farming techniques.
22
Q
Name 4 farming things that improved.
A
- Enclosure
- The four field crop rotation
- selective breeding
- Turnips
23
Q
What is Enclosure?
A
A system developed which allowed farmers to farm the way they each wanted to. Before, farmers used the open field system. Each would own strips of land. They would trade with others to make their strips all in one space and enclose that area using hedges and fences.
24
Q
What is 4 field crop rotation and who developed it?
A
Developed by Viscount Townshend, this meant that instead of leaving 1 out of 4 field fallow, you would use that field to plant turnips as they drew their nutrients from the deeper soil. This meant that the more surfaced soil was still untouched. Basically, you produced more food for you and your livestock.
25
What is selective breeding?
When farmers breed only the animals with the traits they want (eg. a strong bull and a healthy producing cow) to make fattier or stronger animals.
26
Who benefited from the Agricultural revolution and who didn't?
Big landowners and wealthy farmers benefited as they made more money using these new techniques.
Farm workers had to work longer hours at a small price. Small farmers also couldn't afford these new methods and usually sold their land to become farm workers.
27
Did factories make peoples' lives better or worse.
Many people lost their jobs. It did beneft the factory owners but it was not good for the factory workers.
28
When did the industrial revolution take place?
The industrial revolution took place from 1750 and the next 100 years.
29
What 2 raw materials were at the heart of the Industrial Revolution?
Coal and Iron.
30
Why were they so important?
Iron was used to make machines and to smelt the iron ore, you had to use coal. Before, charcoal was used but it was hard to access it.
31
Who discovered the method of smelting with coal?
Abraham Darby
32
What is smelting?
Process by which iron is extracted from the iron ore by heating.
33
Why did the mining industry have to make new techniques?
Because there was a high demand coal due to the industrial revolution and iron machinery.
34
What happened to mines?
Mines had to be dug deeper so that more seams of coal could be accessed.
35
What was the problem with deeper mines?
Deeper mines meant flooding (underground water), collapsing shafts (pressure) and underground poisonous gases. There was also the problem of transporting the coal to the surface.
36
Who created the (improved) steam engine and in what year?
James Watt and Matthew Boulton in 1781. The Boulton-Watt Machine used a series of gears and pulleys to drive other pieces of machinery.
37
Were they the first people to use steam power? Who was the first person to use steam power?
No. Thomas Newcomen built a steam engine in 1711 but it could only operate up and down. It's only main function was to pump water out of flooded mines.
38
Where were the new industries located?
Near iron sources as well as near coal fields. This meant that they were in Glasgow, Lancashire, South Wales and the West Midlands. Yorkshire, derbyshire, Nottinghamshire also had coal and iron industries.
39
Where did business men build their factories?
Near coal mines.
40
What country was the first country to go through the industrial revolution?
Britain. For some time, it was the world's leading industrial power.
41
What happened by the end of the 19th Century?
Germany was producing more steel than britain and the US was even further ahead.
42
Since when did Britain have coal mines.
Since the Roman times.
43
What were the 2 main methods that miners had used?
Bell pits and Adit mines.
44
What was the problems with these methods by the end 18th Century
The methods could not source enough coal fast enough for the demand.
45
Why was more coal needed?
Because coal was needed to heat the water in steam powered machines, ships and railways in factories. The expanding population also needed coal to heat their homes as wood was becoming too expensive.
46
How did they support the mines
Coal pillars wasted coal. Wood had a big possibility of creaking and then snapping. Iron snapped suddenly without a warning.
47
What was the problem with flammable gases?
Miners had to work in the dark as candles could cause violent explosions.
48
What was invented to tackle this problem?
Sir Humphry Davy invented the Davy Lamp, an oil lamp which supplied light but did not ignite gas.
49
Was everyone pleased with the invention of the Davy lamp?
No, as it gave an excuse for employers to reopen dangerous mines.
50
What happened in 1866?
Near Barnsley in Yorkshire, a huge explosion caused the death of around 334 miners.
51
How did miners get coal to the surface?
Women & Children carried the coal on their backs on ladders. They also pushed coal in tubs along the shafts. Soon, steam engines winded the coal tubs to the surface. Pit ponies pulled tubs along shafts. Iron wire ropes were soon invented which meant greater weights could be pulled up.
52
When did Britain's iron start to struggle?
The early 18th Century. It got so bad that they had to import
53
Why did Britain's iron industry start to struggle?
Because Iron was expensive as it needed charcoal in order to smelt it.
54
What transport was mostly used in the early 1700s?
People either walked, travelled by horse or by carriage or wagon. It was all very slow.
55
How long would it take to reach Cambridge from London?
2 days by stagecoach at 6mph.
56
How long would it take to reach Edinburgh from London?
12 days by stagecoach at 6mph.
57
Were stagecoach journeys pleasant?
They were uncomfortable on bumpy and rutted surfaces.
58
What were the conditions of the roads?
They were extremely poor. In Winter, the roads became muddy, making them unusable. In Summer they were hard and rutted.
59
Why did transport matter?
Manufacturers had to transport their goods quickly and at a low cost. It was difficult to do this. Factory and mine owners used rivers where possible.
60
What changed in 1900?
Improved roads meant that it only took a day to reach Edinburgh by stagecoach. Railways were improved. Canals were developed.
61
How many tons of good did railways carry at the start of the 20th century?
550m tons, a lot more than 38m in 1850.
62
Why did roads become more important in the 20th century?
Because the motor car became popular.
63
How many km of improved were made?
190,000km
64
When was tarmacadam made?
1904
65
Who created tarmac and made road building swifter and more comfortable coach journeys?
John Macadam
66
When did cheap public transport start and what was it?
In 1862, Londoners had the chance to use the world's first underground railway system.
67
When did underground railways become pleasant?
In 1890, electric trains meant an end to passengers having to breathe in smoke fumes.
68
How many km of canals were there by 1850?
6,000km
69
What were the canals used for?
Transporting goods.
70
Were canals still important to manufacturers in 1900?
Manufacturers turned to railways so no, but in the earlier years of the industrial revolution, canals were vital.
71
What is a Turnpike ?
A stretch of road which you had to pay for using, usually about 50 km.
72
How many km of turnpikes were there by 1750?
5,500km
73
How many km of turnpikes were there by 1836?
35,000km
74
Who was looking after the other 160,000km of road in 1750?
No one.
75
What method of transport did business men prefer to use and why?
River transport because it was cheaper, better for transporting bulky and heavy goods and only slightly slower than roads.
76
What was the problem with river transport?
Rivers were not always where manufacturers needed them. Sometimes the level of the river was too high or too low for the barges.
77
Why were canals built?
Canals were built to link natural waterways together and to provide a way of linking a river to where the goods were needed or
manufactured.
78
What is an Aqueduct?
A bridge which allowed a canal to cross over a river.
79
What was the first major canal and who and when was it built by?
Duke of Bridgewater's canal, built in 1761, built by James Brindley. Although only 10 km long. It allowed Bridgewater to sell his coal at less than half the price of his competition.
80
How many km of canals were there by 1830?
6,400km
81
When did canals start to decline?
1850
82
Why did canals start to decline?
Because they couldn't compete with the efficient new method of transport: railways.
83
When was the first railway line opened?
1825
84
from where to where?
From Stockington to Darlington
85
When was the first PASSENGER railway line opened?
1830
86
Where was the first PASSENGER railway line opened?
From Manchester to Liverpool.
87
Why was it in that location?
Because Manchester was the home of the textile industry and Liverpool was a port city.
88
What was the Passenger railway engine called?
"The Rocket"
89
Who designed "The Rocket"?
George Stephenson and his son Robert.
90
How fast could it run?
30mph
91
What could it carry?
Passengers and goods.
92
Despite the fact it was successful, the engine killed a man on the first day. Who was it?
A government minister William Huskisson.
93
What was a Turnpike Trust?
Privately owned roads which people had to pay to use.
94
What did canal owners do about the railways?
They tried to stop the building of the railways.
95
How many passengers did the Manchester Liverpool line carry in 1831?
445,000 passengers.
96
How many km of railway line were there by 1842 and how many people did it carry?
3,000km of railway line carried 18 million people per year.
97
How many km of railway line were there by 1872 and how many people did it carry?
By 1872, Britain had 25,500 km of track, which was carrying 423 million passengers every year.
98
Who benefitted from railways and who didn't?
Manufacturers farmers could now sell their goods all over the country at a cheap price. It didn't benefit owners of coach services and turnpike trusts. Canals were also badly affected. The problem for them was that railway transport was both cheaper and quicker.
99
What materials became more in demand with the railway development?
Coal, iron, steel, locomotives, timber and bricks.
100
How many people did railway companies employ by 1910?
600,000 people as there were many jobs created from maintaining and building highways.
101
What did 3rd class tickets mean?
Working class families could now travel, increasing tourism to seaside resorts in particular.
102
Why did people start living in the suburbs?
The cost of the journey from London to Brighton fell by two-thirds and took half as long. People could now live some distance from their place of work and commute by train.
103
Why did all clocks change to London Greenwich Mean Time in 1852?
Before this, clocks had different times in different parts of the country. Bristol, for example, had its own time zone which put it 11 minutes behind London. Without a common time zone there couldn't be a proper railway timetable/system.
104
What is a colony?
a country or region under the control of another, more powerful country e.g. India was a colony of Britain.
105
What is an Empire? Give an example.
a group of colonies together make up an empire. eg. India, parts of North America and New South Wales were colonies put together to make the British Empire.
106
In what century did Britain's Empire grow quickly?
The 18th Century.
107
Why did Britain want to control other countries?
Because they realised that this would make them more wealthier.
108
What was the process of gaining the empire called?
Imperialism
109
When did Britain's imperialism really start seriously?
1750
110
Which countries did it control within the next 50 years?
Most of Canada, India and Australia. There was only the setback of the loss of colonies in North America.
111
Did the empire continue to grow?
The empire still grew in the 19th century.
112
What did Britain and France gain from colonies?
Important economic benefits. Some companies were only there to sell products from the colonies such as the East India Company. India could not buy any goods from anyone else. Sometimes that even meant buying their own cotton!
113
What did the East India Company provide Britain with?
Raw cotton which they could only sell to Britain.
114
How did Britain benefit from it's empire?
Britain alone could make use of its colonies' valuable raw materials. Britain's colonies provided vast profits for British companies because they had to buy British goods and nobody else's.
115
What is an import?
goods brought into a country from abroad, e.g. furs from Canada imported into Britain.
116
What is an export?
goods made in Britain and sold abroad.
117
What did Britain do to protect their trade from competitors?
Stopped other countries from trading with any of Britain's colonies. The taxed foreign goods coming into Britain just stop them being imported. Britain did this in 1815 to foreign cereals, like corn. Economic policies such as these are known as 'protectionism'.
118
How did Britain use imports from their colonies for their own gain?
Britain forced its colonies to export their goods to Britain. Britain imported many raw materials from its colonies. Sometimes it 'finished' these raw materials and then exported them to other countries.
119
When did Britain end protectionism and what replaced it?
In 1846, free trade replaced protectionism. It meant that cheaper foreign food could be imported into Britain.
120
What were Britain's 3 major colonies in 1800?
North America, India and the Caribbean.
121
What was imported from India?
Cotton, silk, spices, tea and indigo dye.
122
What was imported from North America?
Cotton, sugar and tobacco.
123
What was imported from the Caribbean?
Sugar and Rum.
124
What was the Mughal Empire?
The empire that ruled over India from 1526-1750 until the British came to cause corruption.
125
What was the Mughal Empire like?
Sophisticated, advanced, exquisite and uniquely high cultured
126
How did the Mughals keep India united?
By allowing non-muslims to practice their religion freely.
127
Where did the British set up trading bases?
Modern day Kalcotta, Mumbai and Chennai.
128
How did the British start to gain control over India?
Military force, bribery and turning leaders against one another.
129
Who were the sepoys?
Indian troops serving the British armies.
130
What did the British (Dalhousie and Bentick) try to do?
Ban the killing on unwanted female babies and suttee. Try to make the official language english instead of Persian. Wanted to make India use the British education system.
131
When did the French Revolution start?
1789
132
Who did the people revolt against?
King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinnette.
133
Why did the monarchs of Europe ally with each other?
To overthrow the revolutionary government. They were worried their people would start a revolution too.
134
Why did France declare war?
They did not want to be overthrown by the other European countries.
135
What did Britain believe about France?
Britain believed that the French were trying to break up the British Empire because France supported Britain's enemies in Ireland and India.
136
How long did the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars last?
From 1793-1815.
137
Who was Napoleon?
The most successful French revolutionary general.
138
What did Napoleon do in 1799?
Napoleon Bonaparte, overthrew the government and took power for himself.
139
In 1812, where did France control?
France now controlled almost all of Western and Central Europe. France, Italy, Switzerland and the Rhine Confederation (Parts of modern day Germany).
140
What is patriotism?
Love for your country.
141
What happened when Napoleon started to lose battles?
They grew tired of the heavy taxes they had to pay to keep the war going. They stopped supporting him.
142
What happened in 1805?
The Battle of Trafalgar at the Cape of Trafalgar.
143
Who won the battle of Trafalgar?
Britain. Not one British ship was sunk while 18 enemy ships were captured, though Admiral Nelson was killed in the battle.
144
Which battle was Napoleon defeated in?
The Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
145
Where was Napoleon imprisoned?
Napoleon was imprisoned in a house on a remote British island, St Helena, 5,000 kms away in the Atlantic. He died there in 1821.
146
Who were the 5 major countries who took part in the slave trade?
Britain, France, Holland, Spain and Portugal all played leading roles in the slave trade. They competed with each other to acquire slaves
147
Where would most of the slaves come from?
Most of them came from west Africa.
148
When did the trade begin to happen on a regular basis?
The trade in slaves started on a regular basis in the 1620s when about 10,000 slaves a year where taken across the Atlantic to North and South America and the Caribbean
149
Did the no. of slaves taken increase of decrease in the following years?
By the end of that century the trade had grown to about 25,000 slaves a year but the peak decade for the slave trade was the 1780s, when the average was about 78,000 a year.
150
How did the africans become slaves?
Most of the Africans were prisoners captured in wars between African tribes. Some became slaves when their families sold them to get out of debt and others were simply kidnapped by tribal chiefs for sale to the Europeans.
151
Were they ever kidnapped by Europeans?
No as this would anger the chieftains because they wouldn't get their goods.
152
What was traded in the first stage?
Europeans gave cloth, metals, Cowrie shells were used as money, weapons, Alcohol, tobacco, horses and beads for african slaves.
153
Was traded during the middle massage (the 2nd stage)?
slaves were traded for sugar, cotton, tobacco and coffee which were brought back to Britain.
154
How were slave traders paid?
The owners of plantations, often had two years to pay for the slaves. Some of the cost might be paid in goods, such as sugar, cotton, and coffee. The traders then took the goods back to Britain and sold them for a big profit.
155
Was the slave trade becoming more or less profitable?
less profitable. In the 17th century, a slave could be bought in Africa for the equivalent of £3 and sold for £20. But by the 1780s, slaves cost about £50 each and British slavers were doing well to make 10 per cent profit on the entire journey.
156
What is the middle passage?
The journey from west Africa to the Caribbean or North America where the slaves were sold. The journey across the Atlantic could take as long as three months.
157
What were the conditions like?
Tight packing, lots of disease going around such as dysentery and scurvy, only allowed out once a week, fed with yams, biscuits and salted beef.
158
How much space was allowed in the tight packing concept?
Each slave was allowed a space 130 cm wide with about 160 cm of headroom.
159
Was there ever rebellions?
One in every ten voyages saw a slave rebellion but very few were successful. The punishment for slaves who took part in a revolt and failed was severe. One managed to succeed: The Amistad.
160
When did the slave trade happen?
1620-1807
