1.Scientifical communication basics - definitions

Question 1

Scientific communication

Answer 1

Question 2

The word communication

• Communicatio
• Munus

Answer 2

• Communicatio
  
  • to divide with, communicate, impart, share
  • to share in, take part, participate in
  • to join, unite, add connect
• Munus
  
  • public office
  • duty, burden, tribute
  • presen, gift
  • public show, entertainment,

Question 3

Transmission model

Answer 3

• Communication is conceptualized as a process in which meanings, packaged in symbolic messages, are transported from sender to receiver
• The message sent might not be the message received

Question 4

Two kinds of messages

Answer 4

•Internally generated messages (thoughts)

• Externally generated messages:

• Verbal:
  
  • verbal message systems include the use of words and language,both spoken and written
• Nonverbal:
  
  • nonverbal message systems include the wide range of messages people perceive and assign meaning to that are in addition to the use of words (from body movements to environmental cues)

Question 5

Levels of communication

Answer 5

• Intrapersonal communication:
  
  • it occurs when we communicate with ourselves (encoding/decoding)
• Interpersonal communication
  
  • ​between two people (face-to-face/via media)
• Small group communication:
  
  • three or more people interact with one another in an attempt to achieve commonly recognized goals
• Organizational communication:
  
  • it refers to communication between organisations and members during the performance of tasks

Question 6

Contrasting signs:

Answer 6

• Contrasting signs: when senders and receivers have different interpretations of the same sign:

A person can decide to be silent at work not to disturb the others, for her colleague silence indicates that she’s not very social

Question 7

The model of Roman Jakobson (1896-1982)

Answer 7

Question 8

Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect

Answer 8

Question 9

Basics

It is impossible to avoid communication

Answer 9

It is impossible to avoid communication – All behavior is potential communication. Anything you do or say may communicate if the other person perceives it as a message.

Question 10

Communication is largely nonverbal

Question 11

Context affects communication

Answer 11

Context affects communication – The context, or environment, in which a message is conveyed and received affects communication.

Question 12

Meanings are in people, not in words

Answer 12

Meanings are in people, not in words – Meanings are in the perception of the listener who has at least 50% of the responsibility for accurate communication.

Question 13

Communication is irreversible

Answer 13

Communication is irreversible – You never get a second chance to make a first impression. You may give additional information or rationalization for your actions, but you can only modify the impression you have already made.

Question 14

Noise affects communication

Answer 14

Noise affects communication – Internal and external distractions affect a listener’s ability to hear and understand your message.

Question 15

Communication is circular

Answer 15

Communication is circular – People send and receive communication simultaneously making communication a circular rather than linear act.

Question 16

Creating common ground is essential

Answer 16

Creating common ground is essential – Communication is most efficient when participants share common ideas, understanding and/or experience.

Question 17

Communication has effects

Answer 17

Communication has effects – For every communication act there are consequences. For this reason, being ethical in all your communication is essential.

Question 18

Types of listeners

Answer 18

Question 19

Four ineffecive listening styles

Answer 19

• The missing in action listener
• The distraced listener
• The selective listerner
• The contentious listener