1st Exam

Question 1

Tendency of measurable things to change

Answer 1

Variation

Question 2

Collection, organization, analysis, interpretation of numerical data

Answer 2

Statistics

Question 3

what is descriptive statistics?

Answer 3

technique for summarising and presenting data

Question 4

what is inferential statistics?

Answer 4

making generalisations and conclusions about target sample

Question 5

types of statistical inference?

Answer 5

estimation & hypothesis testing

Question 6

process of computing a statistic to approximate the parameter

Answer 6

estimation

Question 7

statistically deciding about rejecting or not rejecting a hypothesis

Answer 7

hypothesis testing

Question 8

in what steps does statistics help the researcher?

Answer 8

designing the research, processing, organising & summarising data, quantifying variability, interpreting results and drawing conclusions

Question 9

difference b/w qualitative and quantitative variable?

Answer 9

Qualitative - used as labels; Quantitative - indicates amount

Question 10

Types of quantitative variable and define.

Answer 10

Discrete - only integral / whole numbers; Continuous- fractions / decimals

Question 11

Levels of measurement and define.

Answer 11

Nominal - classificatory, for labels only; Ordinal - same as nominal… but can be ranked or ordered; Interval - same as ordinal… distance b/w all adjacent classes are equal… zero point arbitrary; Ratio - same with ordinal but with meaningful zero point

Question 12

careful, organised & well-planned investigation of a problem

Answer 12

Research

Question 13

heart of research

Answer 13

problem

Question 14

characteristics of research

Answer 14

systematic, reproducible, objective

Question 15

arrange in order: 1. final report writing 2. planning the research 3. identification of research & objectives 4. dissemination & utilisation of results .5. implementation of stud

Answer 15

3, 2, 5, 1, 4

Question 16

characteristics of a good research problem?

Answer 16

feasible, timely & relevant, ethical

Question 17

program objective

Answer 17

reflects the purpose or desired output of the intervention being considered

Question 18

Memorize: 
Identification of problem / introduction
Review of Related Literature
Rationale
Formulate hypothesis & define variables
Methodology
Ethical considerations
References, research personnel, timetable, budget

Answer 18

did you?

Question 19

SMART?

Answer 19

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time bound

Question 20

studying / examining only a segment of the population to represent a whole

Answer 20

Sampling

Question 21

items of interest in the study

Answer 21

population

Question 22

Differentiate among: Target Population, Sampling Population, Sampling Unit

Answer 22

Target Population - group from which representative information is desired // to where inferences will be made

Sampling Population - where sample will be taken

Sampling Unit - units which are chosen in selecting the sample

Question 23

Target = Sampling?

Answer 23

no.

Question 24

Differentiate: Sampling Frame / Sampling Unit (Element)

Answer 24

Sampling Frame: collection of all units

Element : where measurement is actually taken

Question 25

2 kinds of basic sampling design. Differentiate

Answer 25

Non-probability sampling: the probability of a member of the population being part of a sample cannot be determined Probability sampling: the probability of a member of population to be part of the sample has a none-zero chance of being selected

Question 26

Types of Non Probability Sampling?

Answer 26

Judgemental - subjective / based on pre-specified criteria Accidental / Haphazard - those who are available Quota - samples of a fixed size are obtained from pre-determined subdivisions Snowball - hidden population Convenience - study units are easily accessible

Question 27

Probability Sampling Designs?

Answer 27

Simple Random Systematic Sampling - regular intervals Stratified Random - stratify then random sampling Cluster - cluster instead of individually studying Multistage - phases >1 technique *mind advantages & disadvantages

Question 28

Steps of pre-data collection - what - where - how - who

Answer 28

what: identify what date / variables to collects where: determine source how: develop tools for collecting data who: train data collectors

Question 29

Sources of Health Data

Answer 29

census registries of vital events reports on notifiable diseases

Question 30

problem with registries of vital events / reports on notifiable diseases

Answer 30

underreporting

Question 31

data collection method:

Answer 31

query, observation, review of records

Question 32

types of query

Answer 32

interview (KII, normative), questionnaire, FGD

Question 33

types of observation

Answer 33

direct, use of instruments

Question 34

interview schedule

Answer 34

form containing a set of questions

Question 35

Hawthorn effect

Answer 35

tendency to mask reality while being observed

Question 36

systematic procedure to ensure that info / data are complete, consistent and suitable for analysis

Answer 36

data processing

Question 37

three major activities of data processing

Answer 37

data coding, data encoding, data editing

Question 38

types of codes

Answer 38

field: actual value / information bracket: range listing: list of categories pattern: combinations of responses

Question 39

demography

Answer 39

study of population

Question 40

demography concentrates on three human phenomena

Answer 40

pop. size, pop. composition, pop. distribution

Question 41

Tools of demography

Answer 41

counts, ratio, proportion, rates

Question 42

information obtained during a census

Answer 42

geographic, household information, personal characteristics

Question 43

differentiate the allocation methods

Answer 43

1. de jure - assign according to usual residence | 2. de facto - assign where they are physically present

Question 44

Types of registration systems

Answer 44

vital registration systems continuing population registers others

Question 45

most visible evidence of a government's legal recognition

Answer 45

birth registration

Question 46

describing population composition

Answer 46

1. sex composition a. sex ratio b. sex structure 2. age composition a. median age b. dependency ration 3. age and sex composition population pyramid

Question 47

Factors affecting age composition

Answer 47

fertility level peace & order situation urban - rural differences cultural

Question 48

types of population pyramids

Answer 48

n

Question 49

consequences of age & sex structure

Answer 49

consumption patterns, death rate, rates & patterns of migration, probabilities of marriage for men & women

Question 50

factors affecting population distribution

Answer 50

urban - rural distribution population index crowding index

Question 51

measures of change in population size

Answer 51

1. natural increase = # of births - # of deaths 2. rate of natural increase = CBR - CDR 3. relative increase = [(Pt - P0) / P0] x 100 4. abs increase per year (b) = [(Pt - P0) / t] 5. annual rate of growth

Question 52

``` types of population size accdg to detail desired time reference method / assumption used ```

Answer 52

1. detail desired a. total population vs. subgroups b. population by selected characteristics 2. time reference a. intercensal estimates b. postcensal estimates c. projections 3. method or assumption a. component b. mathematical (arithmetic, geometric, exponential)