1ST GRADING Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
is the symbolic narrative of the beginning of the world as understood by a
culture.
A
creation myth
2
Q
The proponents of Big bang theory
A
Alexander friedman and George lamaitre
3
Q
stated here that around 13.7 billions years ago, there was nothing and
nowhere. Then suddenly, due to random fluctuation in an empty void, there is a great explosion
or expansion. The explosion sent space, time, matter, and energy in all directions.
A
big bang theory
4
Q
All matter and energy in the universe are crammed into a tiny compact point sometimes called
A
singularity
5
Q
short-ranged attractive force which binds the nucleus
A
strong force
6
Q
long-ranged force that binds atoms which may either be attractive or
repulsive, which binds atoms
A
electromagnetic force
7
Q
short-ranged force present in radioactive decay
A
weak force
8
Q
weak, long-ranged, and attractive force which binds the solar system
A
gravitational force
9
Q
- Galaxies moving away
- Presence of cosmic microwaves background (CMB)
- Abundance of light elements, like helium, hydrogen, deuterium and lithium
A
supporting evidence of big bang theory
10
Q
- Flatness
- Monopole
- Horizon
A
unresolved problem of big bang theory
11
Q
it stated that the universe is unchanging in time and uniform in space.
A
steady state theory
12
Q
this proposed a period of exponential expansion of the universe prior to the
more gradual big bang expansion.
A
inflation theory
13
Q
it explains the beginning of Big Bang from the principles of Einstein’s relativity
theory with quantum mechanics.
A
string theory
14
Q
it is an alternative explanation of the beginning of the universe using 11-dimensional
branes instead of strings.
A
m theory
15
Q
The process where hydrogen nucleic combine in pairs to form helium nucleic is called
A
nucleosynthesis
16
Q
Different wavelengths of light, X-rays, radio waves and ultraviolet rays formed
A
Cosmic microwave background radiation/CMB
17
Q
is the particle that carries the force of gravity.
A
graviton
18
Q
y states that an explosion of a star might have caused the dust and gas cloud
to collapse to form the sun and planets.
A
solar nebula theory
18
Q
is defined as gravitationally-bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, and
dark matter.
A
galaxy
19
Q
explained that the size of the universe has drastically increased.
A
inflation theory
20
Q
stated that the planets are formed by the collision of the sun with a
giant comet.
A
buffon’s collision theory
21
Q
stated that the planets are formed from a substance that was
torn out of the sun.
A
Jeans-Jeffrey’s Tidal hypothesis
22
Q
proposed that a great cloud of gas and dust begins to collapse
because of gravitational pull. As the collapse continues, these bulges become the sun and
planets.
A
Kant-Laplace Nebular theory
23
Q
All planets revolve around the sun in
A
counter clockwise direction
24
These are made up of rocks and are sometimes referred as minor planets in many ways.
asteroids
25
25
The first known asteroid is named
ceres
26
are composed mainly of ice and non-volatile dust
comets
27
is the study of fossils to determine how they have evolved and interacted with the
environment.
paleontology
28
This studies rock layers and layering
stratigraphy
29
is the branch of geology that deals with the origin composition, structure and
classification of rocks.
petrology
29
places actual ages of rocks and events. The method used here was based on
the decay rate of certain radioactive isotopes within fossils, rocks, and artifacts.
absolute dating
30
places events of rocks in their chronological sequence or order of occurrence
without knowing their actual age
relative dating
31
n the sequence of sedimentary rocks, the layer at the bottom of the sequence is oldest, and the
successively higher levels are younger.
Principle of Superposition
32
If rocks or rock fragments are included within another rock layer, the rock fragments must be
older than the rock layer they were embedded.
Principle of Inclusion
33
the entire animals or plants trapped and preserved in ice, tar, or other
material remains
True Form Fossils
34
are hollow impressions of a living thing in a rock
mold fossils
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are created when mold fossils get filled with minerals
cast fossils
36
are impressions on rocks that showed various activities.
Trace fossils or ichnofossils
36
was considered as the “chaotic eon”. The earth’s surface was continually bombarded
by meteorites and the very hot mantle caused severe volcanism.
hadean
37
consist of three eras: paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
Phanarezoic Eon
38
lasted for 1.3 billion years. The atmosphere contained mostly methane and a little to
no oxygen.
archaean
39
was the longest period that lasted almost half the age of the earth.
Proterozoic Eon
40
many fossils were found in layers of sedimentary rocks. Fossils of trilobites and
brachiopods were found preserved in rocks. Marine life forms had developed shells. Giant
ferns and marsh plants provided food to land animals which increased in number.
paleozoic era
41
during this era, scientists have found footprints, eggs, bones and other fossils of
reptiles. The age of dinosaurs.
mesozoic era
42
The crust is made up mostly of light elements such
silicon, oxygen, and aluminum.
43
current era
cenozoic era
44
The boundary between the outer and inner core is sometimes referred to as
Lehmann
discontinuity.
44
is more dense than continental crust
oceanic crust
45
is the upper region is the coldest in the atmosphere.
Mesosphere
45
is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen
46
The major and minor plates are resting upon the lower soft layer called
asthenosphere.
47
All weather-associated cloud types are found in
Troposphere.
48
is a layer consisting of highly ionized gas.
Thermosphere
49
is the layer that protects the earth from the meteoroids.
Mesosphere
50
is the layer where jet planes fly.
Stratosphere
51
is a body of salt water with almost no boundaries and limitless volume
ocean
52
refers to the proportion of dissolved salts to pure water expressed in parts of thousands
salinity
52
is described as deep sea. Blind shrimps, small squids and hagfish live
in this area.
Abyssopelagic zone/abyss
53
is the zone that gets a lot of sunlight resulting to an abundance
of aquatic plants.
Epipelagic zone/sunlight zone
54
does not receive any sunlight. Animals that live here lack
eyes.
Bathypelagic zone/midnight zone
55
is the deepest part of the ocean. Sea cucumber and tube worms
exist in this area.
Hadalpelagic zone/trenches
56
is characterized by dim light due to limited amount of sunlight it
receives
Mesopelagic zone/twilight zone
57
is the condition where the oxygen content of water is reduced due to growth of
algae.
eutrophication
57
is the coldest of all the biomes, it has low biotic diversity and simple vegetation
structure.
tundra
58
A minor source of 𝑂2 in the atmosphere is the
stratosphere
59
is the evaporation of water from the leaves of the plants.
Transpiration
60
When light energy reaches Earth, all light is reflected back into space.
False
61
According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can be created or destroyed.
False
62
to become sedimentary rocks when compacted and
cemented
lithification
63
When molten rock solidifies at the surface, it is called
extrusive igneous rock.
64
are examples of dark-colored materials.
Gabro rock and basalt
65
are from weathered rocks such as igneous rocks.
Detrimental sedimentary rocks
66
is a well-known igneous rock that is commonly used for monuments, tombstones and
buildings.
Granite
67
is rock salt that is used in cracking and seasoning foods
Halite
67
is a solid, inorganic, naturally-occurring material represented by a chemical formula
mineral
67
s a metamorphic rock that is used for roof, floor tile, chalkboard, and billiard tables.
slate
68
refers to the mineral’s resistance to be scratched.
Hardness
68
Gypsum, Feldspar and calcite cannot be scratched with a finger nail.
CANNOT
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refers to the color of the mineral in powdered form.
streak
70
refers to the mineral’s resistance to be broken.
cleavage
71
is a major extracellular cation and linked to blood volume and blood pressure.
sodium
72
helps in metabolism and energy balance, helps in formation of hemoglobin and in
transporting oxygen in the body
iron
73
helps in the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
iodine
74
occurs in regions where temperature fluctuates above and below freezing
point that results in Freeze Thaw-cycle.
Frost weathering
75
results from the expansion and contraction of rock caused by
temperature change.
Insolation weathering
76
Oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation and solution are examples of
chemical weathering
77
is the mass movement of rocks, soil, and regolith due to the driving force of
gravity.
Mass wasting
78
contain 20% to 40% water.
Slurry flows
79
Granular flows contain
0% to 20% water
80
is the process of transporting weathered sediments in different places.
Erosion
81
is a type of water erosion wherein raindrops caused tiny particles of soil to be
detached and moved out.
Splash erosion
82
is a thick large ice mass formed hundreds or thousands of years mostly in remote areas
like poles or in high mountains.
glacier
83
is a winding ridge of sand and gravel and deposited under a glacier by water melting from
the ice.
esker
83
is a way of transportation where materials are described in water and carried along by
water
solution
84
are formed when river loses energy as it flows into an area of slow-moving water such as
lake or sea.
deltas
85
supercontinent that was surrounded by a single ocean which was explained in
the Continental drift theory.
Pangaea
85
is the study of the processes that deform the Earth’s crust
tectonics
85
are deposits of coarse materials in the shape of hills or ridges.
sand dunes
86
occurs when two plates move toward each other.
Convergent boundary
86
If rocks bend, the upward arching is called
anticline
86
occurs when plates slide horizontally past one another.
Transform boundary
86
occurs when two plates move away.
Divergent boundary
87
is a phenomenon in which materials are erupted from the Earth’s interior onto the
surface.
volcanism
88
is a vent or series of vents on the earth’s crust.
volcano
89
the mouth of the vent
crater
90
the large, almost circular depression formed either by the collapse or explosion of the
volcano.
Caldera
91
It refers to the molten rock
magma
92
these are medium-sized particles about 4-32 mm in diameter
Cinders or lapilli
92
– these are large volcanic rocks with size greater than 32 mm in diameter.
volcanic blocks
93
this consists of small particles that are less than 2 mm in diameter
volcanic ash
94
– this consists of every small particle that is less than 0.25 mm in diameter
volcanic dust
95
French term for “growing clouds”. It is a mixture of hot gases and fine ash
which is denser than air.
nuee ardente
96
are volcanoes which have not erupted for more than 10,000 years but have
the potential to be active again
dormant volcanoes
96
occurs when rocks are pushed towards each other from opposite sides.
folding
97
– the upward arching
anticline
98
– the downward arching
syncline
99
– the sides of the folds
limbs
100
it is the fracturing and displacement of brittle rocks strata along a fault plane.
faulting
100
circular or elliptical anticline in which the limbs dip away in all directions
dome
101
the movement of the two blocks is vertical.
dip slip fault
102
– the dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel.
strike slip fault
103
is a relatively shallow gently sloping part of the continental crust that
borders the continent
continental shelf
104
it represents the true edge of the continent and extends downward to a
depth of about 4 kilometers.
continental slope
105
– the boundary between the continental slope and shelf.
continental break
106
it links the deep ocean basin floor to the continental slope.
Continental rise
107
This is known as Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
Republic Act
10121
108
is the lessening or limitation of adverse effects of hazards and related
disasters
Disaster Mitigation
109
is the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences.
risk
110
are enormous waves generated by seabed disturbance such as earthquake
tsunamis
111
refers to the sudden movement or vibration of Earth caused by the release of
energy in rocks.
earthquake
112
- Is a sudden, fast movement of cohesive mass of soil, rocks or regolith.
landslide
113
a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving
widespread human environmental losses and impacts.
disaster
114
Is the knowledge and capabilities needed by institution and individual to
anticipate and respond to and recover to the impacts of the hazards
disaster preparedness
115
The provision of services and assistance during and immediately after a
disaster
disaster response
116
A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss
of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social
and economic disruption, or environmental change.
hazard
117
Ensures that the affected community will be able to restore their normal
functioning ability
rehabilitation
118
Is the systematic approach and practice of managing uncertainty to
minimize potential harm and loss
Risk Management
119
The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make
it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard
Vulnerability
120
Well-established disaster response operation
dswd
121
Safe and timely evacuation of affected communities
lgu's
122
Damages, losses, and needs assessment
ocd
123
Disaster and climate change resilient infrastructure construct/reconstruct
dpwh
124
Restore and improve facilities, livelihood and living conditions
neda
125
refers to the seasonal reversal winds
moonsoon
126
is characterized by moderate temperature with little to no rainfall. It usually starts in
November and ends in February.
amihan
127
is also called the southwest monsoon. It usually starts in May and ends in October.
habagat
128
are names for storms that form in the Indian Ocean and the South West Pacific
cyclones
129
storms that form in the North West Pacific
typhoons
130
– forms in the Atlantic Ocean
hurricane
131
is locally known as ipo-ipo, a whirling funnel-shaped cloud.
tornado
132
is the color-coding rainfall warning that means flooding is possible.
yellow signal
