1st mini test ch 1 & 2 Flashcards
(33 cards)
1
Q
Plasma membrane
A
-A double layer of lipid molecules with carbohydrates and proteins interspersed
-Selectively semipermeable; acts as a barrier
-Restricts intracellular losses
Governs intracellular entry
-Separates ICF from ECF
-Maintains the integrity of the cell and guards the contents of the cell
2
Q
Mitochondrion
A
- rod shaped
- synthesized ATP
- Process of Energy Produection= oxidative phosporplyation (Aerobic metabolism)
- Requires Proteins, fats, and carbs to produce energy
- where the “krebs cycle” occurs
3
Q
Lysosomes
A
- Protein destruction
- Spherical membrane–> bound organelles
- Contain digestive enzymes
- Digestive particles brought in by endocytosis, pinocytosis, or phagocytosis
- Also digests worn out cell parts
- In cell death → autolysis occurs, enzymes rupture from lysosome and digest whole cell
- White blood cells have many lysosomes
4
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and types
A
- network of tubules that act as a transport system
- Smooth ER: the location of lipid production, Detoxification
- Rough ER: have attached ribosomes that synthesize proteins
5
Q
Ribosomes
A
- “factories” of proteins
- Where protein synthesis occurs
6
Q
Nucleus
A
- DNA storage
- Houses the DNA of the cell
- Direct all cell activities and all structural plans
7
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
- Processes proteins synthesized by the ribosomes
- Prepares proteins for secretion
- Protein modification and export
- Packaging!!
8
Q
Microtubules
A
- Cell structures that cause cellular movements
- Contained in cilia
- Used in mitosis
9
Q
Peroxisome
A
Lipid destruction, contains oxidative enzymes
10
Q
Adaptive changes related to cell injury
A
compensatory changes in an attempt to maintain homeostasis
11
Q
Maladaptive changes related to cell injury
A
Derangements of structure or function
12
Q
Etiology
A
root cause of the prob
13
Q
Histology
A
study of tissues
14
Q
Biopsy
A
the removal of some piece of tissue for histological examination
15
Q
Homeostasis
A
dynamic steady state–> A well-functioning cell can maintain homeostasis
16
Q
Atrophy
A
Decreased cell size
17
Q
causes of atrophy
A
- Disuse or diminished workload
- Lack or nerve stimulation
- Loss of hormonal stimulation
- Inadequate nutrition
- Decreased blood flow (ischemia)
- Aging
18
Q
Hypertrophy
A
increase in cell size
19
Q
Pathologic hypertrophy
A
Dysfunctional Process (EX: ventricular hypertrophy) -BAD
20
Q
Physiologic hypertrophy
A
- Doesn’t interfere with body function (EX: muscle hypertrophy)
- GOOD
21
Q
Hyperplasia
A
increase in the # of cells (increase tissue mass)
- ONLY OCCURS if cells are capable of a mitt division
- EX: pregnancy increases demand of milk production (lactation), which causes hyperplasia of breast milk glands and tissue mass - Physiologic
22
Q
Metaplasia
A
When one type of cell is replaced by another type of cell (usually pathological)
- EX: in esophagitis, the cells of the lower esophagus change to be able to cope with the stomach acid that constantly irritates the cells; this leads to GERD
- Esophagus cells, which are flat epithelial cells, change to become more like columnar stomach cells
23
Q
Dysplasia
A
- ALWAYS PATHOLOGIC
- disordered cells
- Cells that have lost normal architectural arrangement
- A precancerous condition
- A chronic stressor in the cell environment can cause dysplasia
24
Q
Neoplasia
A
- lack of normal cell function
- keep dividing uncontrollably; grow and grow and grow
- lack adhesiveness to other cells
- invasive and destructive to surrounding cells
- Secrete inappropriate enzymes, hormones, clotting substances, tumor angiogenesis factor
- ALL CANCER CELLS ARE NEOPLASIA, BUT NOT ALL NEOPLASIA IS CANCER
25
Benign neoplasia
cells resemble normal cells and do not spread; tissue is well-delineated and easily removed
26
Malignant neoplasia
cells are bizarre-looking and spread to other sites, highly invasive into tissue, and not well-delineated
27
when does cell injury occur
Cell injury occurs when cells are exposed to a severe stress that no longer allows them to maintain homeostasis, which results in structural and functional changes
28
Compare the effects of prolonged ischemia on different types of tissue.
- Any tissue that sustains prolonged ischemia is susceptible to infarction, but individual cell types have different tolerance levels
- -EX: brain tolerance level is 6 minutes
- -EX: heart tolerance level is 20 min
- -EX: skeletal muscle tolerance level is many ours
29
Describe gangrene and its associated assessment findings.
- Gangrene: ischemia, infarction, and necrosis of tissue exposed to bacteria that thrive on the decaying tissue
- Clostridium perfringens = anaerobic bacteria; emits a gas identifiable as a foul odor associated with gangrene
30
Describe the significance of endothelial cell injury.
- Endothelial cells line the artery walls
- Endothelium = blanket of cells covering the insides of all the arteries
- Endothelial injury causes an inflammation reaction and initiates the process of atherosclerosis (disease of arteries with fatty acid build up)
31
describe the consequences of endothelial cell injury
- nitric oxide is diminished (vasodilation ability of artery diminishes)
- endothelin is secreted (vasoconstriction of artery occurs)
- Thrombogenic substances secreted (blood within the artery clots more easily)
- Inflammation occurs with injury àwhite blood cells (WBCs) incorporate lipids àfoam cellsàfatty streakànew atherosclerotic plaque
32
Define apoptosis and list examples of its dysfunction
- PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
- EX: MENOPAUSE
- Dysfunction
- Failure to undergo apoptosis can give rise to certain cancer tumors, and detrimental hyper plastic cell changes
- -EX: prostate cancer is theorized to arise from cells that lose their apoptotic function
- Some disorders are associated with increased cellular apoptosis, which results in excessive cell death rates.
- Example: Spinal muscular atrophy- cells undergo increased apoptotic rates and die prematurely
33
Cilia
Extensions of the plasma membrane with coordinated whiplike motion
