1st Partial

Question 1

What are crosslinks in the context of aging?

Answer 1

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PROTEINS IN TISSUES

Question 2

How does a scarcity of nutrients impact cellular function?

Answer 2

IT BOOSTS CELLULAR REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE MECHANISMS

Question 3

What is the primary indicator of a country transitioning Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model?

Answer 3

DECREASING DEATH RATES

Question 4

What is cellular senescence?

Answer 4

PROCESS OF CESSATION OF CELL DIVISION

Question 5

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by rapid population growth over low death rates and high birth rates?

Answer 5

STAGE 2 (EARLY EXPANDING)

Question 6

Which type of diseases has shown a growing impact with increasing longevity?

Answer 6

CHRONIC AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Question 7

What does the width of the base of an expansive population pyramid indicate?

Answer 7

HIGH BIRTH RATES

Question 8

What term refers to the portion of our lives during which we are free of disease?

Answer 8

HEALTH EXPECTANCY

Question 9

With respect to AGING, select the WRONG statement:

Answer 9

THE CHANGES IN THE LIVING BEING, THROUGH THE YEARS, PRODUCE AN INCREASE IN THE ADAPTABILITY CAPACITY OF THE ORGANISM IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Question 10

What is the Hayflick Limit?

Answer 10

A LIMIT ON CELLULAR REPLICATION

Question 11

What is the primary goal of addressing aging in the medical community?

Answer 11

TO OPTIMIZE HEALTH EXPECTANCY

Question 12

What are free radicals, and how do they contribute to mitochondrial damage?

Answer 12

HARMFUL SUBSTANCES PRODUCED DURING MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION

Question 13

What is inflammaging?

Answer 13

A STATE OF CONTINUOUS INFLAMMATION IN AGING-RELATED DISEASES

Question 14

Which pharmacological agent, commonly prescribed for arterial hypertension, is associated with a notable side effect of gingival enlargement?

Answer 14

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS

Question 15

What is the primary goal of senolytics?

Answer 15

TO TARGET AND REMOVE SENESCENT CELLS

Question 16

What does the term ‘demographic transition’ refer to?

Answer 16

THE PROCESS OF MOVING FROM HIGH BIRTH AND DEATH RATES TO LOW BIRTH AND DEATH RATES OVER TIME

Question 17

What are telomeres?

Answer 17

PROTECTIVE REGIONS AT THE END OF CHROMOSOMES

Question 18

How does protein homeostasis contribute to cellular function?

Answer 18

BY PROMOTING PROTEIN BREAKDOWN AND RECYCLING

Question 19

What type of population pyramid is shown in the image? (uniforme)

Answer 19

STATIONARY PYRAMID

Question 20

What is a population pyramid?

Answer 20

A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF A POPULATION

Question 21

What role does the immune system play in clearing senescent cells?

Answer 21

IT ELIMINATES SENESCENT CELLS

Question 22

What led to the implementation of the General Population Law in Mexico in 1974?

Answer 22

HIGH FERTILITY RATES

Question 23

What is the main determinant of population aging?

Answer 23

DECREASING FERTILITY RATES

Question 24

What type of population pyramid is shown in the image? (bajo-crece-bajo)

Answer 24

CONSTRICTIVE PYRAMID

Question 25

Force exerted against the arterial wall by blood flowing through arteries

Answer 25

BLOOD PRESSURE

Question 26

What happens when telomeres become critically short?

Answer 26

THEY CANNOT PROTECT DNA ANYMORE, LEADING TO DAMAGE

Question 27

Which demographic trend is associated with a transition from an expansive to a constrictive population pyramid?

Answer 27

DECREASING BIRTH RATES AND INCREASING LIFE EXPECTANCY

Question 28

What are the consequences of not clearing senescent cells?

Answer 28

INCREASED INFLAMMATION

Question 29

What is the primary function of stem cells in the body?

Answer 29

TISSUE REPAIR AND REGENERATION

Question 30

What type of country is typically associated with a constrictive population pyramid?

Answer 30

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WITH LOW BIRTH AND DEATH RATES

Question 31

What is a significant factor contributing to the decrease in fertility rates?

Answer 31

INCREASED ACCESS TO EFFECTIVE BIRTH CONTROL

Question 32

What additional information can be extrapolated from a population pyramid?

Answer 32

ALL OF THE ABOVE (ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, MIGRATION PATTERNS, HISTORICAL EVENTS)

Question 33

What is the primary mechanism through which a low-sugar diet slows down aging?

Answer 33

BY REDUCING THE FORMATION OF CROSSLINKS

Question 34

How does consuming foods high in sugars contribute to aging?

Answer 34

IT ACCELERATES THE FORMATION OF CROSSLINKS

Question 35

Why is cellular senescence considered a protective mechanism?

Answer 35

IT PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER

Question 36

Which of the following symptoms may indicate advanced arterial hypertension?

Answer 36

ALL OF THE ABOVE (NAUSEA OR VOMITING, OCCIPITAL HEADACHE, SHORTNESS OF BREATH)

Question 37

Stem cell exhaustion contributes to an increase in regenerative capacity over time

Answer 37

FALSO

Question 38

What process is responsible for clearing damaged mitochondria from cells?

Answer 38

MITOPHAGY

Question 39

What is the consequence of protein accumulation inside cells?

Answer 39

CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION

Question 40

How does the shape of a population pyramid change as a population ages?

Answer 40

IT BECOMES WIDER AT THE TOP

Question 41

What are some characteristics of aging?

Answer 41

HETEROGENEITY AND SINGULARITY

Question 42

Primary hypertension primarily stems from various etiologies, yet which factor is not typically associated with its development?

Answer 42

ENDOCRINE DISEASES

Question 43

How does protein accumulation affect blood vessels?

Answer 43

IT MAKES THEM MORE FRAGILE

Question 44

What has led to the shift in the causes of death from infectious diseases to chronic conditions

Answer 44

IMPROVEMENTS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES

Question 45

In which type of country is an expansive population pyramid typically found?

Answer 45

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH HIGH BIRTH AND DEATH RATES

Question 46

Which aging disease is associated with protein accumulation in the brain?

Answer 46

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Question 47

How is aging defined?

Answer 47

A PROGRESSIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS OCCURRING FROM CONCEPTION ONWARDS

Question 48

What does a stationary population pyramid indicate?

Answer 48

STABLE BIRTH AND DEATH RATES

Question 49

What happens when mitochondria evade destruction through mitophagy?

Answer 49

THEY ACCUMULATE IN CELLS

Question 50

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in minimal population growth?

Answer 50

STAGE 1 (HIGH STATIONARY)