1st Prelim topics

Question 1

is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

Answer 1

Medical microbiology

Question 2

There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease:

Answer 2

bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, and one type of infectious protein called prion.

Question 3

a place when the diagnosis of infectious microorganisms takes place; identification of the best treatment options for infection; and the monitoring of antibiotic resistance. It also includes testing for how well a patient is responding to treatment of infection.

Answer 3

Medical microbiology laboratory

Question 4

is a medical scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes or works in the field of medical microbiology.

Answer 4

Medical microbiologist

Question 5

is a healthcare professional who performs all types of medical lab analyses, due to high skills in the practice and training.

Answer 5

Medical lab technologist

Question 6

is a healthcare professional who performs all types of medical lab analyses, due to high skills in the practice and training.

Answer 6

Medical lab technologist

Question 7

is a professional who practices medicine.

Answer 7

Physician

Question 8

ROUTINE WORK STEPS
• Medical microbiology lab practice involves the following steps: (4)

Answer 8

1. Reception of sample
2. Sample cultivation
3. Microbes identification (bacteria or fungi), and/or
4. Antibiotic sensitivity testing

Question 9

In this step, the medical technologist should be:
Match between the request form information and sample information (on label)
Give the sample an ID and record it in the lab inbox
• In this step, the common samples include:
Swab samples (eye swab, throat swab, vaginal swab…)
Urine or stool samples
Cerebrospinal fluid sample (CSF), blood and sputum.

Answer 9

1. Reception of samples

Question 10

In this step, the medical technologist should be:
~ Culture the sample on media, on which a bacteria are grow For each sample, there are a specific type of culture media

Answer 10

2. Sample cultivation

Question 11

Give 4 samples which uses Blood agar + Chocolate agar + MacConkey agar as a type of culture media

Answer 11

1. Eye swab
2. Nasal swab
3. Urethral swab
4. Seminal fluid

Question 12

Give the sample needed in each typen of culture media 1. blood agar + CLED
2. blood agar
3. Alkaline Peptone Water + TCBS

Answer 12

1. Urine
2. Throat swab
3. Rectal swab

Question 13

• The following methods are commonly used:
1. Colonial morpnology (torm, elevation, margin, sunace, size, optical teature, consistency, chromogenesis, smell, blood hemolysis) it is consider as a preliminary step.
2. Staining (Gram staining, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, etc.)
3. Biochemical tests (catalase, coagulase, oxidase, Api
20E, etc…)
4. Molecular methods are less common than the above.

Answer 13

3. Microbe identification

Question 14

is the study of microorganisms / microbes which is visible only with a microscope.

Answer 14

Microbiology

Question 15

TRUE OR FALSE. Most of the microorganisms are harmless.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

99% of these microorganisms are good, give an example.

Answer 16

Cyanobacteria ( blue green algae )

Question 17

Infectious bacteria; 1% bad

Answer 17

Pathogens

Question 18

believed that living organisms could develop from non-living materials.

Answer 18

Aristotle (384-322)

Question 19

In 13th century, he described that the disease caused by a minute “seed” or “germ”.

Answer 19

Rogen Bacon

Question 20

In 13th century, he described that the disease caused by a minute “seed” or “germ”.

Answer 20

Rogen Bacon

Question 21

• Father of Bacteriology and protozoology.

Answer 21

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

Question 22

• Descriptions of Protozoa, basic types of bacteria, yeasts and algae.
• In 1676, he observed and described microorganisms such as bacteria and protozoa as “animalcules”

Answer 22

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

Question 23

• Descriptions of Protozoa, basic types of bacteria, yeasts and algae.
• In 1676, he observed and described microorganisms such as bacteria and protozoa as “animalcules”

Answer 23

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

Question 24

The term microbe is used by him in 1878.

Answer 24

Sedillot

Question 25

He showed that maggots would not arise from decaying meat, when it is covered.

Answer 25

Francesco Redi (1626 - 1697)

Question 26

• Supporter of the spontaneous generation theory. • He promised gain organismanimalcules) arose spontaneously • He covered the flasks with cork as done by Redi, Still the microbes appeared on mutton broth.

Answer 26

John Needham (1713 - 1781)

Question 27

• Supporter of the spontaneous generation theory. • He promised gain organismanimalcules) arose spontaneously • He covered the flasks with cork as done by Redi, Still the microbes appeared on mutton broth.

Answer 27

John Needham (1713 - 1781)

Question 28

He demonstrated that air carried germs to the culture medium. He showed that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life

Answer 28

Lazzaro spallanzani (1729 - 1799)

Question 29

• He is the father of Medical Microbiology.

Answer 29

Louis Pasteur

Question 30

Pasteur in 1897 suggested that mild heating at 62.8°C (145°F) for 30 minutes rather than boiling was enough to destroy the undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of product, this process was called?

Answer 30

PASTEURIZATION

Question 31

He invented the processes of pasteurization, fermentation and the development of effective vaccines (rabies and anthrax).

Answer 31

Louis Pasteur

Question 32

He discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore.

Answer 32

John Tyndall (1820 - 1893)

Question 33

Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the infusion completely sterilized, a process known as

Answer 33

Tyndallisation

Question 34

• He is the father of antiseptic surgery. • He concluded that wound infections too were due to microorganisms. • He also devised a method to destroy microorganisms in the operation theatre by spraying a fine mist of **carbolic acid** into the air.

Answer 34

Lord Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

Question 35

• He demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease. • He perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture.

Answer 35

Robert Koch (1893-1910)

Question 36

He used gelatin to prepare solid media but it was not an ideal because (explain)

Answer 36

Robert Koch (1893-1910) because (i) Since gelatin is a protein, it is digested by many bacteria capable of producing a proteolytic exoenzyme gelatinase that hydrolyses the protein to amino acids. (i) It melts when the temperature rises above 25°C.

Question 37

• One of Koch's assistant first proposed the use of agar in culture media. • It was not attacked by most bacteria. • Agar is better than gelatin because of its higher melting pointing (96°) and solidifying (40 - 45°c) points.

Answer 37

Fanne Eilshemius Hesse (1850 - 1934)

Question 38

• He developed the Petri dish (plate), a container used for solid culture media.

Answer 38

Richard Petri (1887)

Question 39

• First to prevent small pox. • He discovered the technique of vaccination.

Answer 39

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

Question 40

• He discovered the penicillin from **penicillium notatum** that destroy several pathogenic bacteria.

Answer 40

Alexander Flemming

Question 41

• He discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic • He sudied toxins and antitoxins in quantitative terms & laid foundation of biological standardization

Answer 41

Paul Erlich (1920)

Question 42

IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES: Bacteria: • Hansen (1874) - • Neisser (1879) - • Ogston (1881) - • Loeffler (1884) - • Roux and Yersin -

Answer 42

• Leprosy bacillus • Gonococcus • Staphylococcus • Diphtheria bacillus • Diphtheria toxin