1st sem exam review

Question 1

Who was Georgio Vasari?

Answer 1

16c painter architect and writer

Question 2

what did printing presses cause?

Answer 2

northern renaissance and protestant reformation

Question 3

what was the popolo

Answer 3

urban underclass

Question 4

who were the Medicis?

Answer 4

family that used banking to establish themselves as rulers of florentine

Question 5

what did the city states of italy become?

Answer 5

florence, milan, venice, papal states, and kingdom of naples

Question 6

who was francesco petrarch?

Answer 6

founder of humanism

Question 7

who was Leonardo Bruni

Answer 7

humanist scholar who created an education for women

Question 8

who was christine de pisan

Answer 8

daughter of kings doctor, wrote city of ladies

Question 9

what was fresco?

Answer 9

wet plaster or tempera on wood

Question 10

what was chiaroscuro?

Answer 10

use of contrast between light and dark in art

Question 11

what was mannerism?

Answer 11

art which showed distorted figures and confusing themes

Question 12

what is pietism?

Answer 12

the importance between one and their personal relationship with god. popularized during the black plague

Question 13

who was John Wycliffe?

Answer 13

questioned worldly wealth of church, transubstantiation, and indulgences. followers known as Lollards

Question 14

what was transubstantiation?

Answer 14

transformation of bread and wine into body and blood of christ

Question 15

what was the diet of worms?

Answer 15

meeting of german nobility which Luther appeared before and got banned from the empire

Question 16

who were the hussites?

Answer 16

followers of jan hus who believed in poverty of the clergy, freedom of preaching, and punishment of sinners

Question 17

what was protestantism?

Answer 17

bible is the ultimate authority, humans are only saved by gods grace, and all christians are priests

Question 18

what was the german peasants revolt of 1525

Answer 18

a revolt as a response to worsening economic conditions and a distortion of luther’s thesises

Question 19

what was the peace of augsberg

Answer 19

end of schmalkaldic war, granted legal recognition of lutheranism

Question 20

who were the anabaptists?

Answer 20

denied the idea of infant baptism

Question 21

who was ulrich zwingli?

Answer 21

swiss preacher, rejected veneration of saints

Question 22

who was john calvin?

Answer 22

made calvinists, belived in predestination, very strict. didn’t believe in free will

Question 23

who was machiavelli?

Answer 23

a writer known mostly for his political beliefs. wanted to completely seperate politics from ethics.

Question 24

who was erasmus?

Answer 24

dutch philosopher, one of the greatest scholars of the northern renaissance. embraced idea of self improvement

Question 25

who was jan hus?

Answer 25

created the Hussites, a continuance to Wycliffe/Lollards. Predecessor to Protestantism. Large part of Bohemian Reformation.

Question 26

Who was michaelangelo?

Answer 26

ninja turtle, poet, painter, and scholar. Painted ceiling of sistine chapel, made David

Question 27

who was prince henry the navigator?

Answer 27

Explored the west coast of Africa, made trade routes

Question 28

Who was Savonarola

Answer 28

briefly dictator of Florence after Medicis were driven out, puritan fanatic. Called for christian renewal, hated corruption in church.

Question 29

Who was Ignatius Loyola?

Answer 29

A spanish noble who founded the jesuits

Question 30

who was Bartholomew Dias?

Answer 30

Sailed around the cape of Good Hope

Question 31

who was Vasco da Gama?

Answer 31

reached coast of india

Question 32

who was Ferdinand Magellan?

Answer 32

circumnavigated globe

Question 33

Who was Hernan Cortes?

Answer 33

found aztec empire

Question 34

Who was Francisco Pizzaro?

Answer 34

found incan empire

Question 35

what was the treaty of lodi

Answer 35

created an alliance between major italian city states: Milan, Naples, and Florence

Question 36

Who was ludovico il moro

Answer 36

incoming ruler of milan initiated hostilities with naples, ending treaty of lodi

Question 37

what was the golden bull of emperor charles iv

Answer 37

gave the even german princes the right to elect an emperor

Question 38

what started the thirty years war?

Answer 38

when bohemia chose their own ru

Question 38

what started the thirty years war?

Answer 38

when bohemia chose their own ruler over Ferdinand, the cousin of the old ruler whom had recently passed.

Question 39

what caused the second defenestration of prague

Answer 39

The catholic Ferdinand taking over and attempting to control Bohemia's religion, as they were Protestant

Question 40

what happened at the battle of white mountain

Answer 40

this was during the thirty years war, and the Bavarian forces (catholic ferdinand) enjoyed a massive victory. This largely removed Bohemia from the war.

Question 41

who was Albrecht von Wallenstein?

Answer 41

the bohemian noble that Ferdinand turned to for help in the second part of the war

Question 42

why didn't the thirty years war end after the battle of white mountain?

Answer 42

there were still mercenary armies who wanted to continue fighting for commission, and German protestants felt threatened by Ferdinand and the threat to their religion. This started the second phase of the war, which became the HRE against protestant countries

Question 43

What was the Edict of Restitution?

Answer 43

outlawed calvinism and required lutherans to turn over all property seized since 1552. caused sweden to enter war and started third phase

Question 44

Why did France support the swedish army?

Answer 44

Cardinal Richelieu was concerned about the increase of Hapsberg strength

Question 45

How was Germany affected by the thirty years war?

Answer 45

Most of the fighting took place in Germany, and their towns and farms were destroyed.

Question 46

what was the peace of westphalia?

Answer 46

ended the thirty years war, seperated the HRE from german politics. Recognized calvinism