1st Semester

Question 1

This is considered the building blocks of rocks. It is crystalline solid, naturally occurring, involves inorganic processes, and is chemically specific.

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

The presence and intensity of certain elements.

Answer 2

Color

Question 3

The colors of minerals in powder form. This is distinctive for minerals and is used for identification.

Answer 3

Streak

Question 4

It is the measure of its relative resistance to scratching, measured by scratching the mineral against another substance of known hardness on the Mohs Hardness Scale.

Answer 4

Hardness

Question 5

It is used to describe how minerals break into pieces.

Answer 5

Cleavage and Fracture

Question 6

This is when a mineral breaks into clean fragments, wherein the surface is flat.

Answer 6

Cleavage

Question 7

This is when a mineral breaks in an irregular manner, wherein the surface is rough, uneven, or curved.

Answer 7

Fracture

Question 8

Tells how a mineral’s crystals are arranged in crystal lattice.

Answer 8

Crystalline Structure

Question 9

The symmetrical three-dimensional structural arrangements of atoms, ions or molecules inside a crystalline solid as points.

Answer 9

Crystalline Lattice

Question 10

The degree to which light is transmitted through a mineral. Minerals can be opaque, translucent, or transparent.

Answer 10

Transparency or Diaphaneity

Question 11

Indicates the ability of a mineral to attract or repel other minerals

Answer 11

Magnetism

Question 12

Level of resistance or reaction of minerals to stress such as crushing, bending, breaking, or tearing

Answer 12

Tenacity

Question 13

Measures the density of a mineral.

Answer 13

Specific Gravity

Question 14

The way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock, or mineral

Answer 14

Luster

Question 15

How do you identify silicate class minerals?

Answer 15

If it contains Si, O with some Al, Fe, Ca. Some examples are Olivine, Quartz, and Feldspar.

Question 16

These minerals are mostly deposited in marine environments; areas with high rates of evaporation. Formed from dead bodies of marine organisms.

Answer 16

Carbonate Class

Question 17

An icicle-shaped formation that hangs from the ceiling of a cave and is produced by precipitation of minerals from water dripping through the cave ceiling.

Answer 17

Stalactites

Question 18

An upward-growing mound of mineral deposits that have precipitated from water dripping onto the floor of a cave. They grow from the cave floor.

Answer 18

Stalagmites

Question 19

Common examples of Carbonate Class

Answer 19

Calcite, Malachite, and Azurite

Question 20

Found where salty water slowly evaporates; areas with high evaporation rates.

Answer 20

Sulphate Class

Question 21

Common examples of Sulphate Class

Answer 21

Barite, Celestite, and Gypsum

Question 22

What are Halide class minerals used for?

Answer 22

Used in making fertilizer, rock salt, steel and aluminum.

Question 23

These are rocks that form within the volcano.

Answer 23

Plutonic/Intrusive

Question 24

Rocks that solidify outside the volcano.

Answer 24

Volcanic/Extrusive

Question 25

What happens when a rock rapidly cools?

Answer 25

The rocks are either glassy or fine grained. Crystals are much smaller but bigger in amount.

Question 26

What happens when a rock slowly cools?

Answer 26

Results in the formation of large crystals, but fewer in amount.

Question 27

Provide examples of extrusive rocks

Answer 27

Obsidian and Basalt

Question 28

These type of rocks form when magma or molten rock cools and crystallizes.

Answer 28

Igneous rocks

Question 29

The two types of Igneous Rocks

Answer 29

Extrusive and Intrusive

Question 30

The two major groups of Silicates Minerals

Answer 30

Light Silicates and Dark Silicates

Question 31

Rocks dark in color imply that they are

Answer 31

Low in Silica

Question 32

Rocks light in color imply that they contain

Answer 32

High silica content

Question 33

Basaltic rocks are _ in silica content

Answer 33

low

Question 34

Andesitic rocks are _ in silica content

Answer 34

intermediate/or in the middle

Question 35

Granitic rocks are _ in silica content

Answer 35

high

Question 36

Ultramafic rocks are _ in silica content

Answer 36

extremely low

Question 37

These are rocks made up of small individual minerals which can be distinguished through a microscope.

Answer 37

Aphanitic or Fine-grained

Question 38

Rapid solidification leads to _

Answer 38

Fine grained or Aphanitic rocks

Question 39

Slow solidification leads to _

Answer 39

Coarse grained or Phaneritic rocks

Question 40

These are Igneous rocks with a distinct difference in the size of mineral crystals, with the larger crystals known as phenocrysts.

Answer 40

Porphyritic

Question 41

Rocks with voids which represent gas bubbles.

Answer 41

Vesicular Texture

Question 42

Rocks made up of small individual minerals which can be distinguished through a microscope.

Answer 42

Glassy Texture

Question 43

What do vesicles in a rock imply?

Answer 43

It is an extrusive rock that underwent rapid cooling, preserving the gasses.

Question 44

These are rocks with a mass of intergrown crystals that are roughly equal in size and large enough to be seen without a microscope.

Answer 44

Pyroclastic

Question 45

What is Bowen's Reaction Series?

Answer 45

Bowen's reaction series answers the question as to how different rocks are formed from the same molten material. It involves magmatic differentiation.

Question 46

The process of formation of sedimentary rocks in breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the earth.

Answer 46

Weathering or Erosion

Question 47

This is where the process of weathering proceeds the products are carried off.

Answer 47

Transportation

Question 48

The process of formation of sedimentary rocks where the layering down of sediment is carried by wind.

Answer 48

Deposition

Question 49

These are rocks that are derived from sediments; unconsolidated fragments that have accumulated.

Answer 49

Sedimentary Rocks

Question 50

A type of sedimentary rock formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks. These are either shells or bones.

Answer 50

Clastic

Question 51

Sedimentary rocks with unlimited mass of cemented, roughly rounded pebbles, cobbles and boulder, clay, silt, or sand.

Answer 51

Conglomerate

Question 52

Sedimentary rocks that consists of sand-sized particles.

Answer 52

Sandstone

Question 53

A type of sedimentary rock that litrifty from the remains of organisms. (Flora and Fauna)

Answer 53

Organic

Question 54

It is a type of rock that begins as sediments, which are then cemented together through natural processes.

Answer 54

Chemical

Question 55

What is the process of formation of sedimentary rocks?

Answer 55

1. Weathering rocks 2. Transportation 3. Deposition 4. Compaction 5. Cementation

Question 56

Metamorphic rocks vs. Sedimentary

Answer 56

Metamorphic rocks undergo changes in temperature and pressure. Sedimentary rocks undergo weathering and erosion.

Question 56

What is a protolith?

Answer 56

A protolith is a parent rock.

Question 57

What are metamorphic rocks?

Answer 57

Pre-existing rocks that change into new forms because of increases in temperature, pressure, and chemical fluids.

Question 58

What are the two kinds of Metamorphism?

Answer 58

Contact and Regional

Question 59

Define Contact metamorphism

Answer 59

- This happens when rock is heated up by an intrusion of hot magma. - Affects a small area

Question 60

Define Regional metamorphism

Answer 60

- This happens along tectonic plates. - Regional metamorphism affects large volumes of rock - The pressure is rooted from the movement of plates

Question 61

A texture in metamorphic rocks wherein it has many bindings. There is immense pressure that results in layered rocks. Mainly due to the pressure of regional metamorphism.

Answer 61

Foliated

Question 62

A texture in metamorphic rocks that doesn’t have any layers or bindings. Mainly due to heat chrome contact metamorphism.

Answer 62

Non-Foliated

Question 63

The earth’s crust broken into sections. Plates move around on the top of the mantle like rafts.

Answer 63

Lithospheric Plates

Question 64

What makes the plates move?

Answer 64

Convection Currents in the mantle move the plates as the core heats the slowly-flowing asthenosphere.

Question 65

This is the heat from the earth from the day it was created.

Answer 65

Primordial Heat

Question 66

This is the heat coming from the spontaneous nuclear disintegration

Answer 66

Radiogenic Heat

Question 67

Sources of heat transfer where heat energy is transmitted through collision of neighboring atoms/molecules, involving direct contact.

Answer 67

Conduction

Question 68

Driven by temperature differences across fluid.

Answer 68

Convection

Question 69

Energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light.

Answer 69

Radiation

Question 70

The cause of tectonic plates in continuous motion.

Answer 70

Convection

Question 71

The three kinds of plate boundaries

Answer 71

Divergent, Convergent, and Transform

Question 72

A plate boundary where two plates separate. Pulled apart due to stress called tensional.

Answer 72

Divergent

Question 73

What type of fault is formed in tensional stress?

Answer 73

A normal fault

Question 74

What does a normal fault consist of?

Answer 74

A hanging wall and a foot wall.

Question 75

What is the difference between a fault and a plate boundary?

Answer 75

A plate boundary is where two plates meet, whereas a Fault is a crack in a plate.

Question 76

Provide the geologic features of Divergent Boundaries

Answer 76

1. Mid-ocean ridges 2. Rift valleys 3. Fissure Volcanoes

Question 77

Collision or compressional stress of plate boundaries.

Answer 77

Convergent

Question 78

A type of fault formed when the rock is squeezed from compressional stress.

Answer 78

Reverse Fault

Question 79

What are the three types of Convergent Boundaries?

Answer 79

1. Oceanic-Continental 2. Oceanic-Oceanic Plate 3. Continental-Continental

Question 80

Geologic features of Oceanic to Continental boundaries

Answer 80

Trenches and Subduction Zone

Question 81

Geologic features of Oceanic to Oceanic boundaries

Answer 81

Trenches, Subduction Zone, Volcano, and a series of islands

Question 82

Geologic features of Continental to Continental boundaries

Answer 82

Mountain Ranges

Question 83

Geologic events of Oceanic to Continental boundaries

Answer 83

Volcanic Eruption and Subduction

Question 84

Geologic events of Oceanic to Oceanic boundaries

Answer 84

Earthquake, Subduction, and Volcanic eruption

Question 85

Geologic events of Continental to Continental boundaries

Answer 85

Earthquake

Question 86

A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions.

Answer 86

Transform Boundaries

Question 87

What is the geologic event caused by Transform Boundaries?

Answer 87

Earthquake

Question 88

A type of stress that acts coplanar with a cross section of material. This is when Rock is pushed in two opposite directions.

Answer 88

Shearing Stress

Question 89

What happens next at Transform Boundaries?

Answer 89

May cause Earthquakes when the rock snaps from the pressure.

Question 90

What happens when the rock is sheared or “cut” from the stress of shearing?

Answer 90

Strike Slip Faults are formed.

Question 91

Natural history has been punctuated by catastrophic events that altered that way life developed and rocks were deposited. The Earth was formed by a series of catastrophes.

Answer 91

Principle of Catastrophism

Question 92

The earth was shaped entirely by the operation (erosion, deposition, lifting) that acted over a long period of time (geological)

Answer 92

Principle of uniformitarianism

Question 93

Technique to determine the age of a rock by comparing the historical remains to the nearby layers

Answer 93

Relative Dating

Question 94

All rock layers are laterally continuous and may be broken up or displaced by later events.

Answer 94

Lateral Continuity

Question 95

Any material that becomes trapped within a rock or mineral during its formation.

Answer 95

Inclusions

Question 96

The geologic feature which cuts another the younger of the two features.

Answer 96

Cross-cutting relationship

Question 97

A large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth.

Answer 97

Hotspot