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Clinical Chemistry 1 > 1st Unit > Flashcards

1st Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Immunoglobulins change with age
B. Geriatric patients have decreased protein and enzymes
C. Blood Levels of cholesterol and other lipids gradually decrease with age
D. Various enzymes are found in much higher quantities in the serum of children

A

C

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2
Q 
Which of the following refers to the ability of test systems to measure low concentration of the analyte?
A. Diagnostic sensitivity
B. Analytica sensitivity
C. Diagnostic Specificity
D. Analytical Specificity
A

B.

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3
Q

Review westgard Rules on violations

A
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4
Q 
Which of the following is missing in calculating the concentration of unknown? absorbance of unknown/ absorbance of standard x concentration of \_\_\_\_. 
A. Unknown
B. Standard
C. Control
D. Blank
A

B.

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5
Q 
Which of the following is affected by the intake of erythromycin?
A. Thyroid Function Test
B. Kidney Function Test
C. Cardiac Function Test
D. Liver Function Test
A

D.

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6
Q 
What is the first step in Method of Evaluation Studies?
A. Accuracy Studies
B. Precision Studies
C. Reliability Studies
D. Validation Process
A

B.

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7
Q 
Calculate CoV for a set of data where the mean is equal to 89 mg/dL and SD of 14 mg/dL
A. 7.8
B. 7.9
C. 12.7
D. 15.7
E. 15.8
A

D

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8
Q 
In the Gaussian Curve, 1SD on either side of the mean will include what percent of the values?
A. 95%
B. 68%
C. 99%
D. 34%
A

B

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9
Q 
Which of the following parameters reflect the accuracy of measurements?
A. Mean
B. Standard Deviation
C. Coefficient of Variation
D. Range
A

A.

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10
Q 
How many test results are expected to fall beyond the normal limits in a test with a 95% confidence limit?
A. 1 in 5
B. 1 in 10
C. 1 in 20
D. 1 in 95
A

C

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11
Q

The following are factors considered when reference ranges are established, except:
A. the composition of the reference group which includes the age, sex genetic, and socioeconomic factor
B. Set of criteria for the inclusion and exclusion of participants
C. Specimen collection procedure and preparation
D. participant’s preference of meal prior to observation of fasting

A

D

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12
Q

Westgard rule violation review

A
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13
Q 
The best position during blood collection is:
A. Prone lying
B. Supine lying
C. Standing upright
D. All of the Above
A

B

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14
Q 
Water is needed in the following situations in the clinical laboratory, except:
A. diluting samples
B. preparation of lyophilized reagents
C. reagent preparation
D. washing purposes
E. purifying solutions
A

E

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15
Q

Which reagent grade water can be stored in a polystyrene bottle?
A. type I
B. type II
C. type III

A

C

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16
Q 
When the exact concentration of the solute of a solution is known and is used to evaluate the concentration of an unknown solution, the known solution is:
A. Standard
B. Normal
C. Control
D. Baseline
A

A

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17
Q 
Which of the following falls under the post-analytic phase?
A. test result reporting
B. instrument calibration
C. patient preparation
D. use of control reagents
A

A

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18
Q

Water that is Purified by process of boiling the water and letting the vapor pass through a cooling apparatus

A

Distilled Water

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19
Q

water that does not contain sodium. chloride, calcium, magnesium, and the likes

A

Deionized Water

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20
Q

Purified municipal water prior to additional water treatment

A

Prefiltered Water

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21
Q

filters water through utilizing the pressure to cause water to pass through a semipermeable membrane so that it produces water reflecting that of a filtered product of the main water

A

Reverse Osmosis Water

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22
Q 
Fasting is required in all the following tests, except:
A. random blood sugar
B. insulin
C. lipid profile
D. inorganic phosphate
A

A

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23
Q 
Which of the following is closely associated with the target value?
A. median
B. mode
C. standard deviation
D. mean
A

D

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24
Q 
Participate in quality assurance program given by DOH is an example of:
A. internal quality control
B. intralaboratory quality control
C. external quality control
D. extrinsic quality control
A

C

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25
Q

Reference Material that has its criteria given by the IUPAC and is 99.98% pure

A

Primary Standard

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26
Q

reference values were certified by a technically

valid procedure

A

Standard Reference Material

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27
Q

Reference material used in routine Clinical Chemistry analysis

A

Secondary Standard

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28
Q

Who established the relationship of uric acid, NPN, and blood urea nitrogen to renal function

A

Otto Follin

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29
Q

synthesized urea during 1800

A

Friedrich Wohler

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30
Q

Who developed a device that automatically pipets a sample and performs the usual manual work done by a laboratory scientist

A

Leonard Skeggs

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31
Q

Who introduced atomic absorption spectrophotometer

A

Perkin-Elmer

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32
Q

who, introduction of Shewhart chart in the laboratory

A

Levey and Jennings

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33
Q

Analytical specificity refers to:
A. the ability of the test system to measure low concentrations of the analyte
B. test positivity when the disease is present
C. the ability of the test system to measure only the substance under assay
D. test negativity when the disease is absent

A

C

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34
Q 
Which of the following components of a filtration cartridge can remove bacteria?
A. cotton
B. activated charcoal
C. submicron filter
D. glass
A

C

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35
Q 
Who developed the Folin-Ciocalteau, method for protein determination?
A. Folin Wu
B. Friedrich Wohler
C. Nelson Somogyi
D. Otto Folin
A

D

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36
Q

Using the following glucose results for quality control Level I (all in milligrams per deciliter): 94, 93, 97, 95, 95, 100, 100, 99, 100, 99; calculate the standard deviation.

A

2.74 mg/dL

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37
Q

What is the best way of ensuring the reliability of laboratory procedures?
A. by the use of laboratory standards
B. by incorporating control sera in the run of patients’ sample
C. by duplicating the urine sample
D. proper technique of pipetting serum

A

B.

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38
Q 
In a Gaussian distribution, which proportion of values correspond to the +/-2SD range?
A. 99.7%
B. 68.3%
C. 95.5%
D. 31.6%
A

C

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39
Q 
A hypothetical true value of glucose in a specimen is taken at 5.0 mmol/L. Which of the following analytical values shows the accuracy of the test
assay?
A. 5.40 mmol/L
B. 5.0 mmol/L
C. 5.45 mmol/L
D. 5.5 mmol/L
A

B

40
Q

Define Outlier, Shift, Trend

A
41
Q

Purine-rich food elevates ____.

A

Uric Acid

42
Q

Tryptophan-rich foods elevate ___.

A

5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)

43
Q

Caffeine-rich food elevates ___.

A

Catecholamines

44
Q

Alcoholic foods elevate ___.

A

gamma-glutamyl transferase

45
Q

Protein-rich foods elevate ___.

A

Urea

46
Q 
Which of the following is statistically known as the middle value?
A. mean
B. mode
C. median
D. reference value
A

C

47
Q 
Which of these analytes is known to have a diurnal variation with peaks in the morning?
A. ACTH
B. albumin
C. calmodulin
D. thyroid-stimulating hormone
A

A

48
Q 
Who among the following was mentioned to taste the patient's urine as part of his methods in diagnosing diseases?
A. Ephesus
B. Wohler
C. Hippocrates
D. Skeggs
A

C

49
Q 
Which of the following refers to a material whose physical and or chemical composition closely resembles the unknown test specimen?
A. standard
B. control
C. blank
D. reagent
A

B

50
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the 19th century?
A. a lot of proteins in blood was isolated and identified
B. the composition of starch and fats were known during this time
C. calcium was shown to be present in kidney stones
D. the first clinical chemistry text was written in 1836

A

C

51
Q

Compute for the median of this data set from a fasting blood sugar analysis (in mg/dL): 90, 89, 87, 87, 86, 88, 85, 82.

A

87 mg/dL

52
Q

If a test has a high specificity for a disease, it is usually positive in patients who have the disease, therefore:
A. it has a high true positive and high false negative in healthy patients
B. it has high false-positive and low false-negative in healthy patients
C. it has high true negative and low false positive in healthy patients
D. it has a high true positive and low false negative in healthy patients

A

C

53
Q

Which of the following is the purpose of Quality Control?
A. for continuous flow of the patient and easier method of exam
B. for research purposes
C. to detect the problems that can result in inaccurate interpretation
D. to get the standard deviation of the test

A

C

54
Q 
Which of the following is known as the normal frequency curve?
A. Levy-Jennings
B. Gaussian
C. Westguard rules
D. Cusum
A

B

55
Q

Compute for the mode of this data set from a fasting blood sugar analysis (in mg/dL): 90, 89, 87, 87, 86, 88, 85, 82.

A

87 mg/dL

56
Q 
Which of the following refers to a highly purified material of known composition?
A. standard
B. control
C. calibrator
D. blank
A

A

57
Q

Compute for the range of this data set from a fasting blood sugar analysis (in mg/dL): 90, 89, 87, 87, 86, 88, 85, 82.

A

8 mg/dL

58
Q

introduced the disposable needle and syringe

A

Becton Dickinson

59
Q

introduced by the company Technicon Corporation

A

AutoAnalyzer

60
Q

introduced the first random-access analyze

A

DuPont

61
Q

founded and introduced pH meters

A

Beckman Instruments

62
Q

device that was first used to measure the acidity of citrus fruit and was later adopted in the Clinical Chemistry laboratory for the measurement of enzymes

A

pH meter

63
Q

A new tumor marker for ovarian cancer is evaluated for specificity by testing serum samples from patients who have been diagnosed by staging
biopsy as having malignant or benign lesions. The following results were obtained: Number of malignant patients who are positive for CA-125 = 21
out of 25; Number of benign patients who are negative for CA-125 = 61 out of 65. What is the specificity of the new CA-125 test?
A. 78.5%
B. 84.0%
C. 93.8%
D. 98.4%

A

C

64
Q

The following are requirements for a quality control material, except:
A. assayed in a special manner different from the test samples to prevent error
B. made of the same components as the specimen
C. concentration of the analyte reflects the clinical range
D. it should be inexpensive

A

A

65
Q 
Which type of reagent grade water has the least colony forming unit?
A. type I
B. type II
C. type III
D. type IV
A

A

66
Q

When serum is color red, the associated increased analyte is ___.

A

Potassium

67
Q

When serum’s color is dark yellow, the associated increased analyte is ___.

A

Bilirubin

68
Q

When serum is color white, associated increased analyte is ___.

A

Triglyceride

69
Q 
The coefficient of variation (CV) estimates the precision of an assay procedure. In general, if the CV is no greater than \_\_\_\_, the precision of the procedure is considered acceptable.
A. 10%
B. 5%
C. 8%
D. 2%
A

B

70
Q

Diagnostic sensitivity refers to:
A. the ability of the test system to measure low concentrations of the analyte
B. test positivity when the disease is present
C. the ability of the test system to measure only the substance under assay
D. test negativity when the disease is absent

A

B

71
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding obesity?
A. increases testosterone production in men
B. increase female estrogen
C. decreases thyroid hormones
D. major cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

A

72
Q

Reagent grade best used when testing for enzymes and other

trace elements

A

Type I

73
Q

Reagent Grade traditionally acceptable for most analytic requirements

A

Type II

74
Q

Reagent Grade used for washing and rinsing purposes

A

Type III

75
Q 
What are the upper and lower limits of acceptable results for control (95% confidence limits) given the standard deviation is +4 mg/dl and the
mean is 90 mg/dL?
A. 86-94 mg/dL
B. 82-98 mg/dL
C. 78-102 mg/dL
D. 80-100 mg/dL
A

B

76
Q

Chemical Grade considered most pure

A

analytical reagent grade

77
Q

Chemical grade does not indicate the limits of impurities that are tolerated by the chemical

A

Pure grade

78
Q

chemical grade generally utilized in the production of chemicals

A

Technical Grade

79
Q

Chemical grade best used for sensitive procedures like HPLC or atomic absorption

A

Ultrapure chemicals

80
Q

Chemical grade used primarily for making medicine

A

USP-grade

81
Q 
Which of the following falls under the pre-analytic phase?
A. test result reporting
B. instrument calibration
C. patient preparation
D. Use of control reagents
A

C

82
Q 
In the current practice, control results are plotted in which of the following charts to check the quality of a test run?
A. Gaussian Curve
B. Cusum Plot
C. Shewhart Chart
D. Westgard Multirule Chart
A

C

83
Q

Compute for the mean of this data set from a fasting blood sugar analysis (in mg/dL): 90, 89, 87, 87, 86, 88, 85, 82.

A

88.75 mg/dL

84
Q 
Which of the following is needed in a delta check?
A. standard concentration
B. patient's previous results
C. control reagent insert
D. reagent expiration date
A

B

85
Q 
Which of these Westgard Rules detect systematic error?
A. 13s and 41s
B. 13s and R4s
C. 22s and 41s
D. 10mean and 12s
A

C

86
Q 
Using the following glucose results for quality control Level II (all in milligrams per deciliter): 245, 252, 251, 238, 257, 255, 248, 255, 249, 244, what is the mean?
A. 2,494 mg/dL
B. 277 mg/dL
C. 227 mg/dL
D. 249 mg/dL
A

D

87
Q 
Which of the following plot is best for comparing one laboratory's precision and accuracy to others using the same test serum but different methods?
A. Levy-Jennings
B. Tonks-Youden
C. Cusum
D. Gaussian Curve
A

B

88
Q

Four total protein methods are evaluated, methods A, B, C, and D. The results obtained from replicate determinations (n=100) of the high control by each method are provided. Based on this data, which method demonstrates the lowest precision?
Method A: high control means (g/dL) of 10.0 with 1SD of 0.20 g/Dl
Method B: high control mean (g/dL) of 10.4 with 1SD of 0.20 g/dL
Method C: high control mean (g/dL) of 10.3 with 1SD of 0.25 g/dL
Method D: high control mean (g/dL) of 9.8 with 1SD of 0.25 g/dL

A

D

89
Q 
Which of the following plots is best for detecting all types of QC errors?
A. Levy-Jennings
B. Youden
C. CuSum
D. Gaussian Curve
A

A

90
Q 
Which of the following patients will show a physiologic increase of alkaline phosphatase?
A. pediatric patient
B. working class
C. geriatric patient
D. sedentary patient
A

A

91
Q

SD FORMULA

A
92
Q 
Which of the following procedures will help produce lyophilized reagents?
A. evaporation
B. condensation
C. freeze-drying
D. distillation
A

C

93
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Clinical Chemistry?
A. a study that focuses on the analysis of body fluids
B. a field of science that helps prevent diseases !
C. a study of the biochemical processes associated with health and disease
D. an area of science that provides important information for the diagnosis or treatment of disease

A

B

94
Q 
Which of the following is the role of control samples?
A. calculate concentration value
B. validate results
C. calibrate an instrument
D. all of the above
A

B

95
Q 
Who among the following was known to have described blood in urine?
A. Ephesus
B. Wohler
C. Hippocrates
D. Skeggs
A

A

96
Q

Commercially prepared reagent has the formula insert for the determination and computation of the test. How will you check if the work is accurate or not?
A. by repeating the test twice
B. by running a commercially prepared sera
C. by simultaneously running another serum
D. by running control sera with known value simultaneously with the test

A

D

97
Q 
The extent to which repeated measurements agree with one another is referred to as:
A. reliability
B. accuracy
C. precision
D. sensitivity
A

C

Clinical Chemistry 1 (4 decks)

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