2 ... 10 - Seeds, meristems, and PCR

Question 1

Four seed functions?

Answer 1

1. Protection
2. Supply energy
3. Dispersal
4. Dormancy

Question 2

Describe seed dormancy.

Answer 2

Prevents seed from germinating until conditions are favorable… can range from few days to decades.

Conditions vary: rainfall amount, temperature, sunlight, digestive systems

Question 3

Desribe the process of seed germination.

Answer 3

1. imbibing, seed swells, seed coat ruptured.
2. metabolic changes restart embryo growth
3. storage materials digested by enymes, nutrients transferred to growing embryo
4. radicle emerges from seed

Question 4

Define epigenous.

Answer 4

Above ground.

Question 5

Define hypogenous.

Answer 5

Below ground.

Question 6

Describe how cotyledons are utilized in eudicots.

Answer 6

1. epigenous … nutrients stored in cotyledons; OR active photosynthesizing cotyledons.
2. hypogenous… nutrients stored in cotyledons.

Question 7

Describe how cotyledons are utilized in monocots.

Answer 7

1. nutrient absorption and photosynthesis.

2. (COLEOPTILE) : soil emergence and leaf tissue safety

Question 8

Define organ

Answer 8

structure that contains different types of tissues and performs one or more specific functions.

Question 9

Vegetative organs:

Answer 9

root, stem, leaves

Question 10

Reproductive organs:

Answer 10

flower, fruit

Question 11

Determinate growth program

Answer 11

growth/development are limited by genetic parameters

Question 12

Indeterminate growth program

Answer 12

growth/development NOT genetically limited, can occur over extended period of time (as long as environmental conditions are met).

Question 13

Plants have indeterminate growth due to __.

Answer 13

Meristems!

Question 14

Define meristem.

Answer 14

region of undifferentiated cells from which new cells arise.

Question 15

Properties of meristems:

Answer 15

1. Self-renewal

2. Cell differentiation

Question 16

Plant cells are totipotent. What does this mean?

Answer 16

All nucleated cells have ability to differentiate into any other cell type… or, with some help, into an entire plant.

Question 17

Function of apical meristem?

Answer 17

Elongation growth.

Question 18

Types of apical meristems?

Answer 18

Shoot apical meristem (SAM)

Root apical meristem (RAM)

Question 19

Apical meristems produce 3 primary meristems:

Answer 19

1. Protoderm
2. Procambium
3. Ground meristem

Question 20

Function of lateral meristem?

Answer 20

Diameter growth.

Question 21

Types of lateral meristems?

Answer 21

Vascular cambium

Cork cambium

Question 22

Protoderm associated with…

Answer 22

epidermis… dermal tissue system.

Question 23

Procambium associated with…

Answer 23

primary xylem and primary phloem… vascular tissue sytem.

Question 24

Ground meristem associated with…

Answer 24

ground tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma… ground tissue system

Question 25

Define meristematic tissues.

Answer 25

localized regions of cell divisions; apical/lateral meristems

Question 26

Vascular cambium associated with...

Answer 26

secondary vascular tissue

Question 27

Cork cambium (phellogen) associated with...

Answer 27

periderm

Question 28

Define quiescent center.

Answer 28

relatively inactive region of RAM containing initials.

Question 29

Sections of SAM?

Answer 29

Central zone (CZ) Peripheral zone (PZ) Rib zone (RZ)

Question 30

CZ

Answer 30

Central zone... large, slow division. provides new cells.

Question 31

PZ

Answer 31

Peripheral zone... small, fast division. forms leaves and flowers.

Question 32

RZ

Answer 32

Rib zone... cells divide and 'push' meristem up. forms ground, vascular tissue.

Question 33

SAM organization:

Answer 33

From 'top': CZ... L1, L2 (tunica), L3 (corpus) PZ RZ (or pith)

Question 34

What happens if you don't have a meristem?

Answer 34

fail to produce and meristem derived tissues... SAM: no leaves, stems, or flowers. RAM: no root.

Question 35

What is PCR?

Answer 35

Polymerase Chain Reaction. method to copy DNA from single strand

Question 36

Items needed for PCR?

Answer 36

``` template DNA dNTPs (nucleotide building blocks) primers tube machine to heat/cool rxn ```