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Question 1

endosymbiosis theory

Answer 1

the theory that some organelles like mitochondria in eukaryotes from prokaryote due to a mutual relationship.

Question 2

what memebrane is the hosts and the bacteria’s memebrane in chloroplasts

Answer 2

outer membrane=host
inner membrane=bacteria’s membrane

Question 3

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 3

protein-rich fluid located in the inner space of mitochondrion

Question 4

what does mitochondria do in a cell with high energy needs

Answer 4

mitochondria cluster in areas of high energy

Question 5

where are enzymes for cellular respiration are mainly embedded

Answer 5

cristae

Question 6

.Why do phagocytic cells contain multiple lysosomes

Answer 6

lysosomes help digest foreign susbtances that are consumed by the phagocytic cells through digestive enzymes

Question 7

the genetic material of ribosomes

Answer 7

RNA

Question 8

what kind of DNA does mitochodnria have

Answer 8

circular DNA

Question 9

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 9

A model that describes the structure of cell membranes

Question 10

what is constantly moving in the fluid mosaic model

Answer 10

phospholipids, sterols and proteins

Question 11

what is the cell memrbane structured as

Answer 11

phospholipid bilayer

Question 12

what can fatty acids be in phospholipids

Answer 12

be saturated (form straight chains) or unsaturated (kinked chains)

Question 13

Receptor protein

Answer 13

protein molecule that has receptor sites at the end of carb chains that bind with ligands to trigger a series of chemical reactions

)

Question 14

ligands

Answer 14

specific signal molecules eg. lips, ions and carbohydrates

Question 14

Transport proteins

Answer 14

Allows speficifc substances to move across a membrane eg. channel and carrier proteins

Question 15

extracelluar fluid

Answer 15

liquid that supplies nutrients and removes waste found on the outside of cell memrbaen

Question 16

factors that effect the permeability of the membrane

Answer 16

heat
ph
concentration gradient

Question 17

what do kinked chains do

Answer 17

prevent the phospholipids from being stacked together hence, increasing and maintaining fluidity even in cold climates

Question 18

what organelles are composed of a phosplipid bilayer

Answer 18

cell membrane and vesicle

Question 19

what do receptor sites do

Answer 19

receive signals

Question 20

Messenger rna

Answer 20

a copy of DNA that carries out instructions to ribosomes for translations

Question 21

Transfer rna

Answer 21

carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome for translation

Question 22

surface protein

Answer 22

proteins that are attached to the surface of the membrane that play a role in cell communication

Question 23

Transmembrane proteins

Answer 23

proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that only allow specific substances across the membrane

Question 24

Integral proteins

Answer 24

protein that is permanently attached to the cell membrane membrane

Question 25

Peripheral proteins

Answer 25

temparoolty attached to the cell membrane

Question 26

4 main types of proteins in cell membrane

Answer 26

vSurface proteins – Transmembrane proteins Integral proteins Peripheral proteins

Question 27

Types of transmembrane proteins

Answer 27

Receptor protein Transport proteins

Question 28

each receptor-ligand pair bind with a lock-and-key fit- to do what?

Answer 28

to allow receptor proteins to become either activated or inactivated leading to an intercellular response

Question 29

channel protein

Answer 29

type of transport protein that causes ions and water to flow through cell membrane

Question 30

what diffuses through the cell membrane easily and why

Answer 30

Small non-polar substances because non polar substances attract fat and the cell membrane is made of fat, Also, Small hydrophobic substances because they repel water and attract fat as well.

Question 31

what else besides polar substances are unable to cross through the cell membrane

Answer 31

Really large substances eg. glucose

Question 32

vcarrier proteins

Answer 32

type of transport protein that allows water and ions to flow through the membrane. However, unlike a channel protein when a substance enters one side of the carrier protein closes and another opens continuously.

Question 33

Transcription

Answer 33

Dna is replicated into an mRNA

Question 34

difference between transcription and translation

Answer 34

transcription occurs first- a copy of DNA is made(mRNA) Translation: occurs after transcription mRNA is read by ribosomes to create proteins

Question 35

what factors increase perambilty

Answer 35

steeper concentration graident higher temperatures PH

Question 35

what factors increase perambilty

Answer 35

steeper concentration graident higher temperatures PH

Question 36

Proximal convoluted tubules function

Answer 36

erabsorbs ions and 65% of water and is able to secrete toxins and ammonia

Question 37

Loop of Henle (Loh) function

Answer 37

water is reabsorbed to create concencentrated urine

Question 38

What process occurs in loop of henle

Answer 38

Water passively diffuses through the descending limb (reabsorption) This makes the descending limb highly concentrated This highly concentrated ions will move into the ascending limb where they will be actively pumped out of the tubules The cycle repeats

Question 39

What is the loop of henle composedof

Answer 39

composed of ascending loop of henle descending loop of henle Thick asnecnidg limb Thin descending limb

Question 40

Distal convoluted tubule function

Answer 40

fine tunes the filtrate by secreting and reabsorbing substances such as water and ions according to the body’s requirement

Question 41

Collecting duct (CD)function

Answer 41

filters and modifies the waste through reabsorption and secretion

Question 42

function of nephron:

Answer 42

excretes waste through filtration of blood