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2 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common origination site of IVH in infants?

A

germinal matrix hemorrhages. This increases the risks of motor and ID down the line.

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2
Q

What motor protein is responsible for fast anterograde transport?

A

kinesin

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3
Q

How do you calculate sleep restriction therapy time for patients with insomnia?

A

Calculate mean time in bed, and then mean sleep time over 1-2 weeks. Then restrict sleeping time to the mean sleep time, but not less than 5 hours.

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4
Q

gingival hyperplasia is caused by what ASM?

A

phenytoin

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5
Q

If patients on sleep restriction therapy have sleep efficiency >/< what level to make changes?

A

> 85% = inc time in bed by 15 mins for next 7 days

<80% - dec time in bed by 15 mins

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6
Q

Which allele is assoc with a lower risk of AD?

A

APOE2

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7
Q

What changes in rem sleep latency during schizophrenic episode?

A

REM sleep latency decreases

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8
Q

CYP inhibitors?

A

depakote, fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine

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9
Q

CYP inducers?

A

phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin

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10
Q

Which brain structure is assoc with generalized anxiety disorder?

A

amygdala

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11
Q

triad of congenital toxoplasmosis?

A

hydrocephalus
chorioretinitis
intracranial calcifications

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12
Q

Cheyne strokes breathing is associated with a lesion where?

A

medulla

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13
Q

Symptoms for narcolepsy must occur at what frequency to meet criteria?

A

3x/ week for at least 3 months

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14
Q

Cause of congenital hypoventilation syndrome?

A

Trinucelotide repeats in PHOX2B gene, which contributes to normal autonomic nervous system development

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15
Q

Definitions of positive reinforcement/punishment, negative reinforcement/punishment?

A

Pos reinforcement: addition of a desirable stimulus to inc a behavior
Pos punishment: addition of an undesirable stim to inc a behavior
Neg reinforcement: removal of a undesirable stim to inc a behavior
Neg punishment: removal of a desirable stim to decrease behavior

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16
Q

most common side effects of mirtazapine

A

inc appetite, weight gain, dry mouth and somnolence

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17
Q

difference is pathophys between congenital MG and autoimmune MG

A

autoimmune = ABs against Ach receptors
Congenital= mutation in nAch receptors

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18
Q

PD affects more the substantia nigra pars compacta/reticulata?

A

Compacta: Affected more in PD
Reticulata: serves mainly input, from BG to other brain structures. It is GABAergic.

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19
Q

Most common side effect of ECT

A

anterograde amnesia

not permanent but can last a few days

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20
Q

MOA of mirtazapine

A

antagonist at pre-synaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, with post-synaptic antagonist at 5HT2, 5HT3, H1 receptors.

basically SNRI with a little H1 blocking also.

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21
Q

Drugs for Tourette’s Syndrome

A

ariprazole, haloperidol, pimozide are FDA approved, however guanfacine and clonidine are used as first line (not FDA approved) given their lower side effect profile.

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22
Q

Triad of congenital toxo?

A

hydrocephalus
chorioretinitis
intracranial calcifications

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23
Q

ECT can be used in schizophrenia particularly for ?

A

Catatonia

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24
Q

tumors with …. stain positive for GFAP?

A

astrocyte origin

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25
Q

cytokeratin usually stains positive for?

A

metastatic tumors

26
Q

HIV associated neuropathy is often?

A

distal symmetric axonal polyneuropathy

27
Q

criteria for depression with atypical features?

A
28
Q

Stages of grief?

A

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

29
Q

mutation in which gene is assoc with predisposition to develop statin induced myopathy?

A

SLCO1B

30
Q

infant with normal development with subsequent regression in a female is?

A

Rett Syndrome: MEPC2 gene mutation on X chromosome involved in MEthyl CPg binding protein 2

31
Q

Fragile X mutation

A

CGG repeat on FMR1 gene

32
Q

What are cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis?

A

cortical hamartomas

33
Q

Tay Sachs Disease GM2 gangliosidosis Types?

A

Tay Sachs Disease is GM2 gangiosidosis type A: purely CNS and due to hexosaminidase A def.
Sandoffs Disease is due to deficiency of type A and type B: CNS + hepatosplenomegaly

34
Q

cherry red spot?

A

sialidosis
tay sachs
niemann pick

35
Q

Involvement of U fibers

A

alexander disease: megalencephaly due to GFAP mutation
canavan’s disease: megalencephaly due to N-acetylaspartic acid peak (asprtoacyclase deficiency)

36
Q

sparing of U fibers

A

adrenoleukodystrophy: ABCD1 mutation causing inc of VLCFA
Krabbe: galactocerebrosidase deficiency
Metachromatic leukodys.: deficiency of lysosomal aryl sulfatase

37
Q

Syneuclinopathies vs Tauopathies

A
38
Q

diagnosis of MDD is made when?

A

at least TWO major depressive episodes at least 2 months apart

39
Q

brain metabolism changes associated with MDD?

A

orbitofrontal is hypermetabolic and dorsal prefrontal cortex is hypometabolic

40
Q

what is hypomania?

A

mania but more mild, patient usually has insight and is without significant functional impairment.

41
Q

cyclothymic disorder?

A

mypomania + depressive sx (that do not make criteria for MDD) that have been oscillating for 2+ years

42
Q

schizo disorders based on time?

A

<1 mo: brief psychotic disorder
1-6mo: schizophreniform
6+: schizophrenia

43
Q

difference between OCD and OCPD?

A

OCD has specific distinguishable obsessions.

44
Q

conduct disorder vs antisocial personality disorder?

A

less than 18 vs over 18

45
Q

MDD vs dysthymia/persistent depressive disorder

A

MDD is usually multiple episodes of depression with dysthymia is constantly chronically depressed.

46
Q

Erikson’s stages of development

A
47
Q

Side effects of lithium

A

Tremor
Nephrogenic DI (hyperNa)
Hypothyroidism
Pregnancy issues
Acne

48
Q

TMS for depression targets where in the brain

A

LEFT dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

49
Q

MOA or ropinirole for RLS?

A

Dopamine agonist

50
Q

papez circuit?

A

entorhinal cortex -> hippocampus -> fornix -> mammillary bodies ->anterior nucleus of thalamus -> cingulate gyrus -> entorhinal cortex

51
Q

What is the first histologic sign of AD?

A

Amyloid deposition in cortical and leptomeningeal blood vessel walls, followed by :

tangles,plaques, hirano bodies, etc

52
Q

dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus function

A

abulia
anterograde amnesia
social disinhibition (A-hole)
motivation (a-motivation)

53
Q

anterior nucleus of the thalamus

A

limbic system and memory formation for papez circuit

54
Q

pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus?

A

processing visual info and sensory integration

55
Q

VPL of thalamus?

A

sensory info of body

56
Q

VPM of thalamus?

A

sensory info of face

57
Q

akinetic mutism can be caused by?

A

bilateral globus pallidus interna lesions

58
Q

triad and localization of Balint Syndrome?

A

Optic ataxia (difficult reaching for objects under visual guidance)
oculomotor apraxia (inability to voluntarily move the eye muscles to a new point of fixation despite intact EOM)
simultanagnosia (inability to visually perceive more than one object at a time)

59
Q

transcortical motor aphasia

A

broca with intact repetiton (nonfluent, comprehending, and repeating)

60
Q

transcortical sensory aphasia

A

wernicke with intact repetition (fluent, noncomprehending, repeating)

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