2

Question 1

What can cause broadcast radiation in a VM environment?

Answer 1

The Layer 2 domain can be large in virtual machine environments
Virtual machines communicate primarily through broadcast mode

Question 2

What GRE features can you configure to prevent fragmentation?

Answer 2

TCP MSS
PMTUD

Question 3

Which LISP device publishes EID-to-RLOC mappings?

Answer 3

ETR

Question 4

What does ETR do?

Answer 4

Publishes EID-to-RLOC mappings for the site
Responds to Map-Request messages
Decapsulates and delivers LISP-encapsulated user data to end systems at the site

Question 5

What are some benefits of using VMs to virtualize the server in a data center environment?

Answer 5

Reduce rack space, power, and cooling reqs
Faster deployment

Question 6

What do route targets do in VRF-Lite?

Answer 6

Control the import and export of routes into a customer routing table

Question 7

What is a PITR?

Answer 7

A LISP infrastructure device that provides connectivity between non-LISP sites and LISP sites

Question 8

In what way is a Type 1 hypervisor more efficient than a Type 2 hypervisor?

Answer 8

Type 1 runs directly on the physical hardware of the host machine without relying on the underlying OS

Question 9

What is VXLAN?

Answer 9

An encapsulation protocol that lets you overlay Layer 2 networks on top of Layer 3 networks

Question 10

What is TCP MSS?

Answer 10

The maximum amount of data that a host is willing to accept in a single TCIP/IP datagram
Can be tuned to minimize fragmentation

Question 11

How do you minimize fragmentation in IP and TCP?

Answer 11

TCP - MSS
IP - MTU

Question 12

How do IP/MAC allocations work for VMs on Type 1 hypervisors?

Answer 12

Each VM needs a unique IP and MAC address to be able to reach other nodes

Question 13

What are the two namespaces used in LISP?

Answer 13

EIDs - end hosts
RLOCs - devices that make up the global routing system

Question 14

What are examples of Type 1 hypervisors?

Answer 14

Microsoft Hyper-V
VMware ESXi
Citrix XenServer

Question 15

In LISP, what does the resolver do?

Answer 15

Accepts map requests

Question 16

In LISP, what does the server do?

Answer 16

Learns EID mapping entries from an ETR

Question 17

In LISP, what does the proxy ETR dp?

Answer 17

LISP to non-LISP

Question 18

In LISP, what does the ITR do?

Answer 18

Receives packets from site-facing interfaces

Question 19

What does VTEP do in VXLAN?

Answer 19

Encapsulates and de-encapsulates VXLAN Ethernet frames

Question 20

What two actions provide controlled Layer 2 network connectivity between VMs running on the same hypervisor?

Answer 20

Using a virtual switch provided by the hypervisor
Using a virtual switch running as a separate VM

Question 21

What is a type 1 hypervisor?

Answer 21

Runs directly on a physical server and has its own OS

Question 22

What is the default keepalive value in GRE tunnels?

Answer 22

10 seconds

Question 23

What is the default protocol/transport mode for a GRE tunnel?

Answer 23

GRE/IP

Question 24

What is the purpose of the LISP routing and addressing architecture?

Answer 24

It creates two entries for each network node, one for its identity and another for its location on the network

Question 25

What happens when a 1500-byte packet traverses a GRE tunnel?

Answer 25

The IP header is 20 bytes, GRE header is 4 bytes, so the 1500-byte packet will arrive fragmented

Question 26

What maintains Layer 2 isolation between segments in a VXLAN environment?

Answer 26

VNID

Question 27

What is VNID?

Answer 27

VXLAN Network Identifier 24-bit segment ID that defines the broadcast domain

Question 28

What is a virtual machine?

Answer 28

An emulated machine with a dedicated compute, memory, storage resources, and a fully installed OS

Question 29

What are some features of VSS?

Answer 29

Combines two devices Supports devices that are geographically separated Supported on Cisco 4500 and 6500

Question 30

What are some features/limitations of switch stacking?

Answer 30

Limited in distance Can have up to 9 switches Supported in Cisco 2960, 3750, and 3850

Question 31

What technology is used to provide segmentation for Layer 2 and 3 traffic in VXLAN?

Answer 31

VNI

Question 32

How do you assign an IP address to a VRF?

Answer 32

#ip address [add] [wildcard] #address-family ipv4

Question 33

Why might a tunnel be disabled after a network admin configures a GRE tunnel? %TUN-RECURDOWN

Answer 33

Recursive routing; the best path to the tunnel destination is through the tunnel itself

Question 34

What is a benefit of using a Type 2 hypervisor instead of Type 1?

Answer 34

Can use hardware running other OSs

Question 35

What's true about crypto maps in tunneling configurations?

Answer 35

IPsec profiles do not need crypto maps

Question 36

What is needed for a VM to run?

Answer 36

Hypervisor Physical server hardware

Question 37

What allocates computing resources for a VM?

Answer 37

Hypervisor

Question 38

What component of a VM is responsible for sending packets to the hypervisor?

Answer 38

vNIC

Question 39

What is the configuration file containing settings for a VM?

Answer 39

VMX

Question 40

What is a zip file connecting a VM configuration file and virtual disk?

Answer 40

OVA

Question 41

What is a file that contains a VM disk drive?

Answer 41

VMDK

Question 42

What element enables communication between guest VMs within a virtualized environment?

Answer 42

vSwitch