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MicroBiology Exam 2 > 2/15: Actinomyces, Nocardia and anaerobes > Flashcards

2/15: Actinomyces, Nocardia and anaerobes Flashcards

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1
Q

Actinomyces is gram pos or neg

is aerobic or anaerobic

A

gram pos

aerobic

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2
Q

Actinomyces are commensal bacteria often found in ___

A

GI tract

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3
Q

When actinomyces do infect, they form ___

A

sulfur granules

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4
Q

What are sulfur granules

A

formed by actinomyces infection

they are tissue and pus complexes

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5
Q

____ are hallmarks of actinomyces infection

A

sulfur granules

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6
Q

___ is the most common type of actinomyces

A

actinomyces israelii

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of actinomyosis

A

cervicofacial actinomyosis

thoracic/abdominal actinomyosis

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8
Q

What is actinomyosis

A

chronic inflammatory condition tha torigines in tissues near mucosal surfaces (50% of cases originate near mouth)

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9
Q

What is the immune response to actinomyosis

A

very poor – requires antibiotics

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10
Q

Which is more common: cervicofacial actinomyosis or thoracic/abdominal actinomyosis

A

cervicofacial

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11
Q

Cervicofacial actinomyosis is caused bY___

A

tooth extraction, poor hygiene or trauma to the mouth

this allows bacteria to get into breaks in the epithelium

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12
Q

Thoracic / abdominal actinomyosis is caused by __

Diagnosis ____

A

aspiration or trauma

hard to diagnose because often mistaken for a tumor

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13
Q

How do you diagnose actinomyosis?

A

presence of sulfut granule – requires a 10 day grown in ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

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14
Q

Nocardia is gram pos/neg

aerobic/anaerobic

A

gram pos

aerobic

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15
Q

Is nocardia a commensal bacteria?

A

no

found in soil

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16
Q

Nocardia cell wall is composed of ___

A

mycolic acid

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17
Q

Nocardia bacteria cna infect ____

A

respiratory tract or cutaneosu areas

if exposed 0– can find in gingiva and gI

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18
Q

Pulmonary nocardiosis is caused by ____ and ____ (strains of nocardiosis)

A

nocardia asteroids

nocardia facinia

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary nocardiosis?

A

acute neutrophilic inflammation and pus and destruction of parenchyma due to neutrophil recruitment

can form abscess and disseminate

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20
Q

Cutaneous nocardiosis is caused by ___

A

nocardia brasiliensis getting into an open cut

not as severe as pulmonary nocardiosis

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21
Q

The severity of cutaneous nocardiosis is dependent on ____

A

how soon it is treated

can be a pustule (non severe) to a sulfur granule)

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22
Q

Wha tis the immune response to nocardiosis?

A

Th1 – good because nocardiosis can survive in a phargocyte!! (we don’t know why)

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23
Q

Clostridium is found in the ___

A

intestine

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24
Q

What are the 3 strains of clostridium?

A

clostridium perfringens
clostridium botulinum
clostridium tetani
clostridium difficile

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25
Clostridium perfringens is nonmotile/motile?
non-motile
26
If given carbsm, clostridium perfringes will ___
ferment them into H2 and CO2 gas
27
Clostridium perfringes leads to ___
gas gangrene
28
What are the 3 virulence factors of clostridium perfringes?
alpha toxin theta toxin enterotoxin
29
What is the alpha toxin in clostridium perfringes?
hemolysin - phospholipas that destroys cell membrane via lysis
30
What is the theta toxin in clostridium perfringes?
forms pores, increasing capillary permeability
31
What is the enterotoxin in clostridium perfringes?
forms pores in enterocyte membrane which leads to fluid loss (more common in strains that affect GI)
32
Clostridium perfringes leads to gas gangrene. What is thsi?
disease that occurs when there is a delay between trauma and intervention (compound fracture, bullet wound, wartime trauma) begins 1-4 days after tauma, causes pressure and heaviness, the severe pain. if conditions are anaerobic - ALPHA TOXIN is produced, can lead to increased vascular permeability -- DEATH
33
Clostridium perfringes can also lead to food poisoning. Describe this.
strains that produce ENTEROTOXINS incube 8-24 hours, causes nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea and spontaneous recovery in 24 hours.
34
Clostridium botulinum is found in _____
environment or in ALKALINE conditions of canned food
35
Clostridium botulinum has sproes that are heat ___
resistant
36
Clostridium botulinum produces ___
botulinum toxin
37
What is bolutlinum toxin?
produced by clostridium botulinum neurotoxin that blocks Ach in the NMJ leading to FLACCID PARALYSIS symptoms begin 12-36 hours after ingestion cause nausea, dry m outh, blurred vision. respiratory paralysis can lead to death. BOT TOXIN IS HEAT LABILE.
38
Bot toxin is heat ___
labile!!
39
Clostridium tetani is strictly anaerobic and associated with ___
deep penetrating wounds
40
CLostridium tetani produces ___ which causes __
tetanospasmin (causes spastic paralysis) this prevents release of GABA from presynaptic neurons
41
tetanospasmin is heat ___
produced by clostridium tetani this is heat LABILE
42
How do you destroy tetanospasmin
heat labile antigenic readily destroyed in the GI
43
Clostridium tetani causes ____ (disease)
tetanus
44
What is the pathology of clostridium tetani before getting tetanus disease?
clostridium tetanis PORES enter into deep pentrating wound germinate, multiply locally, produce toxin that travels to CNS via RETROGRADE AXONAL TRANSPORT.
45
What is the first sign of tetanus disease?
masseter muscle is the first affected then respiratory tract, then swallowing, and back
46
How is tetanus disease diagnosed?
clinically
47
What is the treatemnt for tetanus disease
from clostridium tetani neutralize the free toxin with HTIG make patient comfortable - antibiotics can antagonize toxin effects YES THERE IS A VACCINE (duh)
48
Where can clostridium difficile be found?
environmentally or commensal
49
Spore germination of clostridium difficile is triggered by ____
bile salts
50
What are the 3 toxins that clostridium difficile produces/
1. toxin a 2. toxin b 3. CDT (clostridicum difficle binary toxin)
51
What do toxin a and toxin b do in clostridium difficile?
disrupt TIGHT junctions
52
What does CDT (clostridium difficile binary toxin) do in more virulent strains of clostridium difficile?
inhibits epithelial actin polymeraization
53
Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of ____
antibiotic associated diarrhea and nosocomial infection
54
Clostridium difficule can lead to diarrhea (watery, mild or bloody with some cramping or fever). This can last for weeks and lead to ____
PSUEDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS
55
What is psuedomembranous colitis?
enterocytes are damaged by toxins produced from clostridium difficile enterocytes die, immune cells come in. psuedomembrane is formed from dead epithelial cells and immune cells prevent the fulid from being absorbed in gI tract. This can lead to bolus getting STUCK in colon (toxic megacolon)
56
What is toxic megacolon? What is it a result of?
toxic megacolon is when bolus is stuck in colon because immune cells are blocking teh reabsoprtion in GI tract. This is because clostridium difficile has killed the enterocytes and a psuedomembranous layer is covering the GI tract toxic megacolon is a possible result of psuedomembraneous colitis
57
What is the treatment for psuedomembraneous colitis and toxic megacolon?
diagnose with stoool sample pulsed-treatment with antibiotics probiotics FECAL TRANSPLANT
58
Bacteriodes fragillis is found in the ___
intestine
59
Bacteriods fragillis : capsulated or non?
capsulated (helps evade phagocytosis)
60
Bacteroids fragillis leads to __ disease?
abscess may cause abdominal pain, tenderness, mild fever, severity depends on integrity, size, where it is of abscess and could possbly spread to blood
61
What is the immune response to bacteroids fragillis abscess?
must activ ate classical COMPLEMENT PATHWAY | and TH2 immunity
62
What is the treatment for bacteroids fragillis?
drain, debride abscess, antiobiotcs are hard due to resistance
63
Peptostretococcus is gram pos/neg | anaerobic/aerobic
gram pos | anaerobic
64
Peptostretpcoccus is an opportunistic pathogen that commonly resides in the ___
oral cavity
65
What diseases is peptostreptococcus associated with?
gingivitis, periodontitis, abscesses
66
What is the treatment for the diseases caused by peptostretpcoccus? (gingivitis, periodontitis, abscesses)
drain, debride, antibiotics

MicroBiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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