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Question 1

When did the emergence of clinical psychology occur?

Answer 1

The emergence was around the 20th century.

Question 2

What historical events preceded the emergence of clinical psychology?

Answer 2

Numerous important historical events set the stage for clinical psychology.

Question 3

Who was William Tuke?

Answer 3

William Tuke (1732-1822) was appalled by deplorable conditions in asylums and devoted much of his life to improving treatment of mentally ill patients.

Question 4

What did William Tuke establish?

Answer 4

He opened the York Retreat, a model of humane treatment.

Question 5

What was the treatment approach at the York Retreat?

Answer 5

Patients received good food, frequent exercise, and friendly interactions with staff.

Question 6

Who was Philippe Pinel?

Answer 6

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) advocated for more humane and compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in France.

Question 7

What ideas did Philippe Pinel introduce?

Answer 7

He introduced ideas of a case history, treatment notes, and illness classification.

Question 8

Who was Eli Todd?

Answer 8

Eli Todd (1762-1832) was a physician in Connecticut who opened humane treatment centers in the US.

Question 9

What facility did Eli Todd open?

Answer 9

He opened The Retreat in Hartford, Connecticut.

Question 10

Who was Dorothea Dix?

Answer 10

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) worked in a prison where many inmates were mentally ill rather than criminals.

Question 11

What was Dorothea Dix’s contribution?

Answer 11

She traveled to persuade leaders to build facilities for humane treatment of the mentally ill, resulting in over 30 state institutions.

Question 12

What problems arose from Dorothea Dix’s efforts?

Answer 12

Problems included an increased number of mental patients and understaffed institutions, leading from moral therapy to custodial care.

Question 13

Who was Lightner Witmer?

Answer 13

Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896.

Question 14

What was significant about Lightner Witmer’s clinic?

Answer 14

It was the first psychological clinic, and by 1914, there were about 20 clinics in the US, and over 150 by 1935.

Question 15

What journal did Lightner Witmer found?

Answer 15

He founded the first scholarly clinical psychology journal, The Psychological Clinic (1907).

Question 16

What has been central to clinical psychology since its start?

Answer 16

Diagnosis and categorization of mental illness.

Question 17

What classification did Emil Kraepelin contribute to?

Answer 17

He coined terms to categorize mental illness, including paranoia and manic depressive psychosis.

Question 18

What are exogenous disorders?

Answer 18

Exogenous disorders are caused by external factors and are treatable.

Question 19

What are endogenous disorders?

Answer 19

Endogenous disorders are caused by internal factors.

Question 20

What was Dementia Praecox?

Answer 20

Dementia Praecox was the forerunner of Schizophrenia.

Question 21

What did Kraepelin’s work set the stage for?

Answer 21

It set the stage for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1952.

Question 22

What was the most drastic change in the DSM?

Answer 22

The most drastic change was from DSM-II to DSM-III.

Question 23

What is the International Classification of Diseases?

Answer 23

It is larger, including more disorders and specific diagnostic criteria.

Question 24

What is a current consideration for inclusion in the next DSM?

Answer 24

Proposed criteria sets include Internet gambling disorder and persistent complex bereavement.

Question 25

How did the assessment of intelligence characterize the profession?

Answer 25

Assessment of intelligence characterized the profession in its early years.

Question 26

What were the early debates in intelligence focused on?

Answer 26

The debates focused on general intelligence (g) versus specific intelligences (s).

Question 27

Who used the term 'mental test' and when?

Answer 27

James McKeen Cattell used the term 'mental test' in 1890.

Question 28

What was the purpose of Alfred Binet's early intelligence test?

Answer 28

It was intended for children and became the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales.

Question 29

What formula did Binet's test use to calculate IQ?

Answer 29

IQ = MA/CA X 100.

Question 30

Who translated Binet's scale into English?

Answer 30

Lewis Terman.

Question 31

What significant test did David Wechsler publish in 1939?

Answer 31

The Wechsler-Bellevue, designed for adults.

Question 32

What are the names of Wechsler's tests for children?

Answer 32

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-II).

Question 33

What are projective tests?

Answer 33

Tests where clients project their personality onto ambiguous stimuli.

Question 34

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Method?

Answer 34

A projective test where clients respond to ambiguous inkblots.

Question 35

What is the Thematic Apperception Test?

Answer 35

A projective test where clients respond to ambiguous interpersonal scenes.

Question 36

What is the Draw a Person Test (DAP/T)?

Answer 36

A projective test where clients draw a person.

Question 37

What are objective tests?

Answer 37

Typically paper-and-pencil, self-report tests that are more scientifically sound.

Question 38

What is the MMPI-2?

Answer 38

A revised and restandardized objective test published in 1989.

Question 39

What is the MMPI-A?

Answer 39

An adaptation of the MMPI for adolescents, published in 1992.

Question 40

What is the most common activity of clinical psychologists today?

Answer 40

Psychotherapy.

Question 41

When did psychotherapy become a significant professional activity?

Answer 41

It became significant in the 1940s and 1950s.

Question 42

What created a demand for psychological treatment during World War II?

Answer 42

The treatment of psychologically affected soldiers.

Question 43

What approach dominated psychotherapy in the mid-1900s?

Answer 43

The psychodynamic approach.

Question 44

What therapy approaches arose after the mid-1900s?

Answer 44

Behaviorism, Humanism, and Family Therapy.

Question 45

What is the most widely endorsed singular orientation in therapy today?

Answer 45

Cognitive therapy.

Question 46

What was emphasized at the Boulder conference in 1949?

Answer 46

A dual emphasis on practice and research.

Question 47

What changes occurred in the field of psychology from the 1950s to 1970s?

Answer 47

Therapy approaches proliferated and more minorities entered the field.

Question 48

What model programs emerged in the 1970s?

Answer 48

Psy.D./Vail model programs.

Question 49

What happened to psychotherapy in the 1980s?

Answer 49

It increased due to respect from medical professionals and insurance companies.

Question 50

What trends were observed in the 1990s and 2000s in psychology?

Answer 50

The size and scope of the field continued to grow with multiple training model options.

Question 51

What are some contemporary issues in clinical psychology?

Answer 51

Empirical support of clinical techniques, prescription privileges, and new technologies.