2 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is Ethics?
A
Branch of Philosophy dealing with moral principles, values, and code of conduct that guide individuals.
2
Q
What does the Greek word ‘Ethos’ mean?
A
Habit or custom.
3
Q
What is the objective of ethics?
A
To guide individuals through moral principles and roles codified by a group.
4
Q
What is Human positive law?
A
Laws that are against divine law.
5
Q
What is Divine law also known as?
A
The Ten Commandments.
6
Q
List examples of Ethics.
A
- Respect others
- Responsibility
- Fairness
- Be loving
- Compassion
- Charity
- Equality
7
Q
What is Moral?
A
Personal beliefs about what is wrong and right.
8
Q
What is the difference between Morality and Ethics?
A
Morality is based on a person’s own values and feelings, while Ethics deals with moral principles agreed upon by a group.
9
Q
What does ‘Mores’ or ‘Mos’ refer to?
A
The action of bad or good - MORALITY.
10
Q
What are two kinds of Habit Repeatative Good Action?
A
- Holy
- Virtuous person
11
Q
What is the focus of the study of ethics?
A
- Spiritual Aspect
- Intellectual Aspect
- Physical Aspect
- Political Aspect
- Economic Aspect
- Emotional Aspect
- Social Aspect
12
Q
What is the Art of Correct Living?
A
It provides for what is orderly and harmonious in an artwork, applying order and harmony in our lives.
13
Q
What do Filipino beliefs emphasize regarding ethics?
A
Moral integrity as essential to life.
14
Q
How does Ethics relate to Religion?
A
Ethics teaches the value of religion as a duty of man towards the Supreme Being.
15
Q
What is the distinction between Legal and Moral norms?
A
Legal norms regulate external actions, but not thoughts and feelings; moral norms require proper spiritual disposition.
16
Q
What is the Atheistic Approach to ethics?
A
Assumes that only matter exists and morality is an invention of man.
17
Q
What does the Theistic Approach assume?
A
God is the Supreme Lawgiver, and morality is based on absolute and unchangeable principles.
18
Q
Define General Ethics.
A
Principles of morality.
19
Q
Define Special Ethics.
A
Application of the principles of General Ethics.
20
Q
What is Medical Ethics concerned with?
A
How doctors and nurses make ethical decisions.
21
Q
What does the term ‘Rational Animal’ refer to?
A
Man as an organism composed of a material body and spiritual soul.
22
Q
What are the three characteristics that reveal man’s moral nature?
A
- Ability to distinguish between good and evil
- Obligation to do good and avoid evil
- Accountability for actions
23
Q
What is Natural Law?
A
Human powers or faculties directed towards what is good.
24
Q
What are the three elements of a Human Act?
A
- Knowingly
- Freely
- Willfully
25
Define Moral Acts.
Actions that follow the standard of morality.
26
What is the difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evil?
* Intrinsically Evil: wrongness is part of the act
* Extrinsically Evil: wrongfulness comes from an outside factor
27
What is Perfect Voluntariness?
Possession of full knowledge and complete freedom regarding an act.
28
What are the two types of Ignorance?
* Invisible Ignorance
* Vincible Ignorance
29
What is the significance of Human Acts?
They express the thought and desire of a person, revealing moral character.
30
What does Moral Sensitivity refer to?
Response towards what is right and wrong.
31
What are the subjects of Human Acts?
Individuals capable of acting intelligently and freely.
32
What are the modifiers of Human Act?
Factors that change the morality of an act.
33
What are Passions in relation to actions?
Psychic responses that predispose a person to act.
34
What is Fear in the context of moral acts?
Disturbance of the mind confronted by danger.
35
What is the difference between acting with fear and acting out of fear?
Acting with fear involves difficulty in actions, while acting out of fear involves being compelled by an unjust situation.
36
What is the difference between acting with fear and acting out of fear?
Acting with fear involves feeling nervous about new experiences, while acting out of fear leads to actions taken in response to an immediate threat.
## Footnote
Examples of acting out of fear include jumping from a burning building.
37
What constitutes violence?
Any physical force exerted on a person by a free agent to compel them to act against their will.
## Footnote
Examples include insults, torture, isolation, starvation, and mutilation.
38
What are the principles surrounding actions performed under violence?
External acts under violence are involuntary and not accountable, while elicited acts done by will alone are voluntary.
## Footnote
Reasonable resistance must be offered to classify actions as involuntary.
39
Define 'The Will'.
A spiritual faculty that is not within the reach of violence.
## Footnote
It is essential for voluntary actions.
40
What are habits?
The readiness, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner.
## Footnote
Habits are acquired through repetition over time.
41
What is poverty defined as?
A social evil that must be corrected by the State, becoming an act of injustice when the State neglects the welfare of the people.
## Footnote
It relates to the economic needs of the populace.
42
How does emotion relate to human action?
Every human act involves emotion, as man is not devoid of feelings.
## Footnote
The Decalogue encourages love of God with all one's heart and soul.
43
What are the positive tendencies of emotions?
Love, kindness, humility, reverence, and justice.
## Footnote
These express approval of what is good.
44
What is moral perfection?
It comes from within and is reflected in actions consistent with goodness and virtue.
## Footnote
Filipinos refer to a good person as having 'mabuting kalooban'.
45
What is the purpose of human acts?
Every action is done for a purpose, which defines the nature of the act and reveals the moral judgment of the doer.
46
What is the meaning of 'end' in terms of action?
The purpose or goal of an act, either the end of the act itself or the end of the doer.
47
What distinguishes the end of the act from the end of the doer?
The end of the act is the natural termination of an activity, while the end of the doer is the motive behind performing the act.
48
What is a proximate end?
The purpose which the doer wishes to accomplish immediately, such as satisfaction of hunger from eating.
49
Define remote end.
The purpose which the doer wishes to accomplish sometime later, such as promoting one's health through eating.
50
What is the ultimate end?
The end desired for its own sake, which completes an act and stops further activity.
51
What is a motive in the context of human action?
A reason for performing an act, which is first in intention but last in execution.
52
What is the relationship between good and human action?
Man acts to obtain something good, and the concept of good is synonymous with the end or purpose of an act.
53
What is 'apparent good'?
Evil presented as something good, leading individuals to commit wrongful acts believing they are beneficial.
54
What are the two types of good?
Essential good and accidental good.
## Footnote
Essential goods satisfy fundamental human needs, while accidental goods satisfy particular wants.
55
What is the difference between real good and apparent good?
Real good has intrinsic value, while apparent good is perceived subjectively as valuable but is actually evil.
56
What is perfective good?
Good that contributes to integral growth or development of a person, such as education and virtue.
57
What is the greatest good, or 'summum bonum'?
The ultimate good that satisfies all human desires and is sought for its own sake.
58
How is happiness defined?
Happiness can be objective (having intrinsic value) or subjective (a psychological state of feeling contented).
59
What is the difference between natural happiness and supernatural happiness?
Natural happiness is attainable through natural powers, while supernatural happiness requires divine grace.
60
What is the ultimate purpose of human life?
The possession of the absolutely greatest good.
61
What are the ethical theories mentioned?
Hedonism, Aristotelianism, and Thomism.
62
What does hedonism emphasize?
Pleasure as the ultimate good, with a focus on avoiding pain.
63
What is the primary focus of Aristotelianism?
The supremacy of reason over lower appetites, aiming for the contemplation of divine truths.
64
What is Thomism?
A philosophical system based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas, focusing on the relationship between faith and reason.
65
What does Epicurus recommend regarding sensual pleasures?
Epicurus does not recommend indulgence in sensual pleasures.
## Footnote
Epicurus emphasizes the importance of choosing pleasures wisely.
66
What is the highest good according to Aristotelianism?
The highest good is the contemplation of divine truths.
## Footnote
This reflects the Aristotelian idea of living a reasonable life in accordance with temperance.
67
What is the ultimate purpose of man according to Thomism?
The ultimate purpose consists in the Beatific Vision of God, achievable only in the next life with supernatural grace.
## Footnote
This concept is derived from the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas.
68
How does Utilitarianism define pleasure?
Pleasure is defined as that which gives the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
## Footnote
John Stuart Mill emphasizes that pleasure is better when experienced by many.
69
What is the primary focus of Evolutionism in moral values?
Moral values are factors of survival for the individual or society.
## Footnote
This perspective is influenced by Charles Darwin's biological theories.
70
What does Existentialism emphasize about personal fulfillment?
Personal fulfillment depends largely on one's faith and personal conviction.
## Footnote
Existentialism can be theistic or atheistic, with notable figures like Sartre and Kierkegaard.
71
What does the phrase 'Bonum ex integra causa, malum ex quocumque defectu' mean?
A thing is good from the perfection of its parts, evil from any defect of its part.
72
List the three determinants of morality.
* The end of the act itself
* The end of the doer
* The circumstances of the act
73
What is the end of the act?
The natural termination or completion of an act.
74
Define intrinsically good actions.
Any act consistent with the natural tendencies of human nature.
75
What are intrinsically evil actions?
Actions contrary to reason, such as murder, abortion, and robbery.
76
What characterizes extrinsically good or evil actions?
They are good or bad based on factors or circumstances, not their nature.
77
True or False: The end justifies the means.
False.
## Footnote
A fundamental moral principle states that one should not do wrong to achieve a good purpose.
78
What does the motive of a doer represent?
The purpose or aim the doer wishes to accomplish by the action.
79
What increases the accountability of individuals in moral acts?
Education, authority, and mental capacity increase accountability.
80
How do circumstances affect the moral evaluation of an act?
Circumstances may increase or decrease the wrongfulness or merit of an act.
81
What is a morally good act?
An act that is sound in all aspects: nature, motive, and circumstances.
82
Define law according to St. Thomas Aquinas.
An ordinance of reason, promulgated for the common good by one who has charge of society.
83
What are Divine Positive Laws?
Laws made known to men by God, like the Ten Commandments.
84
What distinguishes Human Positive Laws?
Laws made by legitimate human authority intended to preserve peace and order.
85
Differentiate between affirmative and negative laws.
* Affirmative laws require action
* Negative laws prohibit action
86
What binds moral laws in conscience?
They impose a moral obligation to accept and comply with them.
87
What is the role of human laws?
They regulate external acts and are enforced by police powers.
88
True or False: Evil is merely a construct of the mind.
False.
## Footnote
Evil has real implications and cannot be dismissed as imaginary.
89
What does the phrase 'ang masama ay nasa isip lang' imply?
It should mean that an evil act begins in the mind, not that evil is fictional.
90
What does garbage represent in contrast to a rose garden?
Garbage represents what is ugly, dirty, and bad, while a rose garden stands for what is clean, beautiful, and wholesome.
91
What does the expression 'ang masama ay nasa isip lang' imply?
It should mean that an evil act begins in the mind as an evil thought and is translated into an immoral act.
92
What is the study of ethics?
A systematic study of how moral ideals, standards, principles, and consciousness are formed.
93
What are the two main stimuli in the study of ethics?
* Greek Philosophy
* Judeo-Christian tradition
94
What does the Judeo-Christian tradition emphasize?
Sanctity and holiness before the majesty of God, highlighting the love of God and the love of neighbor.
95
What is the primary task in ethical studies?
Systematization of moral principles and a critical evaluation of moral situations.
96
What are the three core principles of morality?
* Evaluate and critically analyze moral consciousness
* Define ethical moral concepts and statements
* Form a set of norms and moral standards
97
What is the greatest challenge in ethics?
The formulation of the questions rather than the definitiveness of the answers.
98
What is the Principle of Respect for Autonomy?
An obligation to respect the autonomy or independence of another person.
99
What is the Principle of Beneficence?
The obligation to bring about good in all our actions and to take positive steps to prevent harm.
100
What does the Principle of Nonmaleficence entail?
An obligation not to harm others.
101
What is the Principle of Justice?
An obligation to provide others with whatever they are owed or deserved.
102
Define Normative Ethics.
Primarily prescriptive in nature, providing norms and standards that regulate how men are expected to act in moral situations.
103
What is Metaethics concerned with?
Understanding, describing, and analyzing the nature and dynamics of ethical principles.
104
What is Applied Ethics?
The appropriation or application of ethical theories in particular circumstances.
105
How does Social Science approach ethics?
By investigating cultural aspects, customs, and traditions.
106
What is the definition of morality?
The practice of ethics, referring to the ethical principles that categorize the ethical dimension of human acts.
107
What are moral standards?
Norms that are believed to be morally right or wrong, the sum of combined norms and values.
108
What is a moral dilemma?
A situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of which is acceptable.
109
What are the types of moral dilemmas?
* Epistemic moral dilemmas
* Ontological moral dilemmas
* Self-imposed moral dilemmas
* World-imposed moral dilemmas
* Obligation dilemmas
* Prohibition dilemmas
110
What is cultural relativism?
Refers to not judging a culture by our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal.
111
What are the two categories of cultural relativism?
* Absolute
* Critical
112
Define cultural value.
The notion of goodness, fairness, and justice.
113
What is the difference between real culture and perfect culture?
* Real Culture: values and norms genuinely followed
* Perfect Culture: values and norms professed to believe
114
What does Kapwa mean in Filipino psychology?
Other-togetherness, a central area of investigation.
115
What are the two kinds of Kapwa?
* Ibang tao (other people)
* Hindi Ibang tao (our people)
116
What is the pivotal interpersonal value in Filipino culture?
Pakiramdam, sharing one's thoughts and feelings.
117
What is the accommodative surface value of Hiya?
Often associated with 'shame' in Western psychology.
118
What does the term 'Utang na loob' refer to?
Norm of Reciprocity, where one is expected to return a favor.
119
What is the societal value of Katarungan?
Linked to justice, providing retribution to others.
120
What is the significance of Bayanihan in Filipino values?
Framework or soul of family relationships and kinship.
121
What is the Bahala na attitude?
Often interpreted as 'fatalistic passiveness'.
122
Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?
An American psychologist known for his theory of stages of moral development.
123
What are the stages of moral development according to Kohlberg?
* Level 1: Pre-Conventional
* Level 2: Conventional
* Level 3: Post-Conventional
124
What is the focus of social learning theory in moral development?
Human morality develops through learning acceptable behavior from the external environment.
125
What is the seven-step guide to ethical decision-making?
* State the problem
* Check the facts
* Identify relevant factors
* Develop list of options
* Test the options
* Decide
* Review
