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Question 1

. What is first language acquisition?

Answer 1

It is a subconscious, immersive, and continuous process where children naturally acquire their native language.

Question 2

What are the stages of first language acquisition?

Answer 2

Babbling → One-word (holophrastic) → Two-word → Telegraphic speech → Full grammar acquisition.

Question 3

What does telegraphic speech lack?

Answer 3

Function words and inflections; it includes mainly content words.

Question 4

What is second language acquisition (SLA)?

Answer 4

Learning a non-native language after acquiring the first, either naturally or in a classroom.

Question 5

What is a foreign language?

Answer 5

. A language not native or commonly used in the learner’s country (e.g., English in Spain)

Question 6

What factors affect foreign language learning?

Answer 6

Age, motivation, L1–L2 similarity, context, proficiency, and background.

Question 7

What is the Behaviourist view of language acquisition?

Answer 7

. Language is learned through imitation, reinforcement, and habit formation.

Question 8

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 8

Learning through consequences—rewards or punishments—for behavior.

Question 9

Who is associated with Behaviourist Theory?

Answer 9

. B.F. Skinner.

Question 10

What method came from Behaviourism?

Answer 10

The Audio-Lingual Method.

Question 11

What is Chomsky’s view on language acquisition?

Answer 11

Children are born with an innate ability to learn language (Universal Grammar).

Question 12

What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?

Answer 12

A mental capacity that enables children to acquire language.

Question 13

What is the Critical Period Hypothesis?

Answer 13

There’s a biologically optimal window for acquiring language (childhood to adolescence

Question 14

Who built on Chomsky’s theory for SLA?

Answer 14

Stephen Krashen.

Question 15

What is Krashen’s Input Hypothesis?

Answer 15

Language acquisition occurs when learners understand input slightly above their level (i+1).

Question 16

What is the Socio-cultural theory’s core belief?

Answer 16

Language is learned through social interaction and cultural tools.

Question 17

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)? I

Answer 17

The gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with help.

Question 18

What is scaffolding?

Answer 18

Support provided to learners to help them move through the ZPD.

Question 19

What does the Cognitive theory emphasize?

Answer 19

Understanding concepts is necessary before using language to express them.

Question 20

What is the role of the learner in Cognitive Theory?

Answer 20

An active processor of information, not a passive recipient.

Question 21

‘Who expanded the COGNITIVE THEORY theory to SLA?

Answer 21

Barry McLaughlin – Information Processing Theory.

Question 22

What is Interlanguage (IL)?

Answer 22

A transitional linguistic system developed by L2 learners that is distinct from both their L1 and the target language.

Question 23

Who coined the term “Interlanguage”?

Answer 23

Larry Selinker.

Question 24

What does permeability mean in Interlanguage?

Answer 24

The learner’s language system is open to change and modification.

Question 25

. What does dynamism refer to in Interlanguage?

Answer 25

It changes gradually through hypothesis testing and revisions.

Question 26

What does it mean that Interlanguage is systematic?

Answer 26

Despite variability, it follows internal rules and patterns.

Question 27

What is variability in Interlanguage?

Answer 27

. Use of multiple forms for the same concept, depending on context or uncertainty.

Question 28

What is fossilization?

Answer 28

When incorrect language forms become permanently ingrained in a learner’s interlanguage.

Question 29

What are the levels at which fossilization can occur?

Answer 29

Phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic.

Question 30

What causes fossilization, according to Selinker?

Answer 30

a) Language transfer b) Transfer of training c) Learning strategies d) Communication strategies e) Overgeneralization

Question 31

How were errors traditionally viewed?

Answer 31

As undesirable habits to be eliminated.

Question 32

What is contrastive analysis?

Answer 32

The comparison of L1 and L2 to predict where errors may occur due to interference.

Question 33

Who was a key figure in contrastive analysis?

Answer 33

Robert Lado.

Question 34

. What is error analysis?

Answer 34

The study of learner errors to understand their causes and learning process.

Question 35

Who introduced error analysis?

Answer 35

Stephen Pit Corder.

Question 36

What are interlingual errors?

Answer 36

Errors caused by transfer from the learner’s first language.

Question 37

What are intralingual errors?

Answer 37

Errors due to L2 complexity and developmental factors.

Question 38

What is simplification?

Answer 38

Using simple forms instead of complex structures.

Question 39

What is overgeneralization?

Answer 39

Applying a rule inappropriately to new contexts.

Question 40

What is hypercorrection?

Answer 40

Errors caused by over-applying teacher corrections.

Question 41

. What is avoidance?

Answer 41

Learners skip difficult structures, using simpler ones instead.