2/27-Speech Development and Production: Oral Structure & Function

Question 1

What are factors that influence speech development and speech production?

Answer 1

• Anatomy –(neurological or physiological)
• Sensory; motor
• oral motor
• language; intelligence
• family history; SES
• age; gender

Question 2

What anatomical structures and features affect the acquisition and production of speech sound?

Answer 2

-moveable & immoveable articulators

Question 3

What are the immovable articulators?

Answer 3

• hard palate
• alveolar ridge
• teeth

Question 4

What are the movable articulators?

Answer 4

• jaw
• lips
• tongue
• velum
• uvula

Question 5

What structure helps facilitate vowels? and what is it responsible for in the speech production systems?

Answer 5

• jaw
• resonance & articulation

Question 6

What is the progression of speech sound acquisition?

Answer 6

• reflexive to purposeful
• undifferentiated to differentiated

Question 7

How does speech develop from undifferentiated to differentiated?

Answer 7

• open to CV word structures
• Variegated CV combinations
• Closed CVC word structures
• Connected Speech

Question 8

What are infants early speech sound productions restricted to and why are they restricted?

Answer 8

• restricted to phonemes produced primarily by the jaw
• rely on jaw movement due to limited control of lips and tongue

Question 9

What does production of full range of english sounds require?

Answer 9

-lower lip and tongue movements interdependent of the underlying jaw

Question 10

What are the implications of structural deficits and poor oral motor control?

Answer 10

• constrained speech sound acquisition (infants & children)
• articulatory errors
• reduced intelligibility
• restricted verbal communication skills

Question 11

In terms of the malocclusion classification system, what is a class I malocclusion?

Answer 11

few teeth misaligned and dental arches generally aligned

Question 12

In terms of the malocclusion classification system, what is a class II malocclusion?

Answer 12

upper jaw protruded & lower jaw receded (overbite)

Question 13

In terms of the malocclusion classification system, what is a class III malocclusion?

Answer 13

-upper jaw receded & lower jaw protruded (underbite)

Question 14

what are the implications of the different malocclusions?

Answer 14

• the implications vary per case
• some can develop compensatory strategies
• some develop articulation disorders

Question 15

What is a cleft lip and/or palate?

Answer 15

an abnormal facial development during gestation causing a fissure or opening

Question 16

What are the variations in types of clefting?

Answer 16

• cleft lip
• cleft palate
• cleft lip/palate
• unilateral
• bilateral

Question 17

If surgery is completed within the first two years to close the fissure for somebody with cleft lip/palate, will there be permanent effects on articulation?

Answer 17

no

Question 18

What is velopharyngeal insufficiency?

Answer 18

difficulty closing off nasal port for production of oral sounds

Question 19

What are the implications for velopharyngeal insufficiency?

Answer 19

• nasal emission
• imprecise production of consonants

Ex: glottal stop: stopping & sudden release of air within glottis for /p,b,t,d/

pharyngeal stop: pharyngeal contact using base on tongue for /k/ & /g/

velar fricatives: distorted /k, g/ for sibilants /s,z,ʃ,ʒ/

mid dorsum palatal stop: /j/ for /t,d,k,g/

Question 20

What is nasal emission?

Answer 20

-air escapes through nasal cavity & unable to build intraoral pressure for the production of oral sounds

Question 21

what does the imprecise production of consonants result in?

Answer 21

atypical productions from compensatory articulation

Question 22

what is ankyloglossia?

Answer 22

short lingual frenulum

Question 23

what is the implications of ankyloglossia?

Answer 23

limit tongue tip mobility-compromising speech sound production

Question 24

what is the surgical alteration of the frenulum known as?

Answer 24

frenulectomy

Question 25

what are the acquired effects of poor oral muscular control and motor speech disorders?

Answer 25

central or peripheral nervous system damage

Question 26

what does poor oral muscular control & motor speech disorder affect?

Answer 26

negatively affects on muscles controlling speech mechanism - weakened - uncoordinated - paralyzed

Question 27

What is the etiology of dysarthria?

Answer 27

- stroke - brain injury - neurodegenerative disease

Question 28

What are speeh and neural characteristics of dysarthria?

Answer 28

- "slurred" speech - slow rate of speech - breathiness & decreased volume - abnormal intonation - decrease control of oral secretions - difficulty chewing and swallowing

Question 29

What is the etiology of apraxia of speech?

Answer 29

- acquired: stroke or brain injury to the motor cortex - developmental: without of evidence of neurological damage

Question 30

What are the speech and neural characteristics of apraxia of speech?

Answer 30

- limited verbal output - difficulty with volitional oral and speech movements - automatic speech preserved - inconsistent sound errors: omissions, deletions, substitutions, disortions - self-corrections - groping and effortful speech productions

Question 31

What are critical components to speech assessments and what do they measure?

Answer 31

- oral motor exams - measure structural and functional integrity of speech mechanism

Question 32

During an oral motor exam, when examining the oral structures what do we examine? and what are the actual anatomical parts that we examine ?

Answer 32

- clinical observations of size, shape, and adequacy of structure - teeth & occlusion - hard & soft palate - tongue - face, nose, mouth

Question 33

During an oral motor exam, when examing function, what are we examining?

Answer 33

- adequacy of system to produce non-speech and speech related movements - imitation tasks - swallowing or feeding