2 3 Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is direct speech?
It is when you quote someone’s exact words, often enclosed in quotation marks. Example: He said, “I’m tired.”
What is indirect (reported) speech?
It is when you report what someone said without using their exact words. Example: He said that he was tired.
Name a key punctuation rule for direct speech.
The sentence is enclosed in quotation marks, and punctuation (., !, ?) goes inside the quotes.
Mention two common reporting verbs.
Say and tell (less frequently used). Example: She said, “I’m cold.”
Give two verbs used to report questions.
Ask, inquire. Example: She asked, “Where are you going?”
What happens to the tense in indirect speech?
It usually shifts one step back (backshift).
E.g., “I am happy” → She said she was happy.
What do you use for yes/no questions in reported speech?
Use if or whether.
E.g., “Do you like it?” → She asked if I liked it.
What is free direct speech?
Quoting speech without a reporting clause, often used in fiction to reflect a character’s thoughts.
What is free indirect speech?
A mix of direct and indirect speech. No reporting clause, but verb tense and pronouns shift. Common in fiction.
. When do we not backshift tense in indirect speech in the reporting clause ‘?
Recent time! Usual in one’s speech, famous and present validity! Reading a letter or we are seeing! Verbs of cognition, still in progress
What are some verbs of uttering with emotion?.
Laughter: giggle, smile
Weeping: sob, wail
Anger: bellow, choke
Excitement: pant, gasp
What’s the structure of reported speech?
Reporting clause + reported clause.
E.g., She said that she was tired.
What is backshifting in tense?
Changing the tense one step back in indirect speech (e.g., present → past, past → past perfect).
How to report a negative question?
Use normal sentence order and keep the negative.
E.g., “Why don’t you help?” → He asked why I didn’t help.
When the verbal tense remains the same in the reported clause?
Time clauses, state of affairs that is still existing, expression: would rather, wish, present simple with universal truth, had better
