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Question 1

What is considered the primary medium of human communication?

Answer 1

Oral language (speech).

Question 2

What does Halliday mean by living in a “literate society”?

Answer 2

Most people use both spoken and written language, having learned to read and write formally.

Question 3

-How do children acquire listening and speaking skills?

Answer 3

‘Naturally, without formal instruction.

Question 4

What are the three phases of oral language development?

Answer 4

Pre-linguistic (0–1 year)
Linguistic development (1–4 years)
Improvement (4+ years)

Question 5

What characterizes the pre-linguistic phase?

Answer 5

. Social smiling, babbling, imitating sounds, and crying for attention.

Question 6

What happens in the linguistic development phase?

Answer 6

Two-word sentences, naming objects, simple questions, basic grammar.

Question 7

What skills emerge in the improvement phase?

Answer 7

Fluency, accuracy, irregular forms, and longer storytelling.

Question 8

. How does oral communication differ from written communication?

Answer 8

It’s spontaneous, uses simple sentences, repetitions, self-corrections, and non-verbal cues.

Question 9

Name three non-verbal features of oral communication.

Answer 9

Gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice.

Question 10

Why is written language generally more formal?

Answer 10

. It’s planned, edited, uses complex sentences, varied connectors, and avoids repetition.

Question 11

‘What does the “S” in SPEAKING stand for?

Answer 11

. Setting & Scene – time, place, and context.

Question 12

What does “P” represent in the model?

Answer 12

Participants – speaker and audience.

Question 13

. What does “E” denote? What is the “A” in SPEAKING?

Answer 13

Ends – purposes and goals of the communication. Act Sequence – the order of events in the speech.

Question 14

What does “K” mean? Q: What are “I” for in SPEAKING?

Answer 14

Key – tone or manner of the interaction. Instrumentalities – channel and forms (spoken, written, register).

Question 15

What does “N” signify? What is “G” in the framework?

Answer 15

Norms – social rules governing interaction. Genre – the type or style of the communication.

Question 16

What is the Expressive function? What is the Directive function?

Answer 16

Conveys speaker’s emotions and attitudes. Attempts to influence the listener’s behavior (requests, commands).

Question 17

What is the Referential function? What is the Poetic function?

Answer 17

Conveys factual information or content. Focuses on the aesthetics of language itself.

Question 18

What is the Phatic function? What is the Metalinguistic function?

Answer 18

Maintains the communication channel (greetings, small talk).

Discusses or clarifies language itself.

Question 19

What is Grice’s Cooperative Principle?

Answer 19

The assumption that speakers try to be cooperative and helpful in conversation.

Question 20

What does the Maxim of Quality require? What is the Maxim of Quantity?

Answer 20

Saying only what is true and supported by evidence.

Giving as much information as needed, no more, no less.

Question 21

What is the Maxim of Relation? : What is the Maxim of Manner?

Answer 21

Being relevant in the conversation.. Avoiding ambiguity and being clear and orderly.

Question 22

. Why are Grice’s maxims not always reliable in real conversations?

Answer 22

Because real conversations often involve disagreement, resistance, or dishonesty

Question 23

What are the three levels of acts in Speech Act Theory?

Answer 23

Locutionary (utterance itself), Illocutionary (intention), Perlocutionary (effect on listener

Question 24

What is a Representative illocutionary act? What is a Directive illocutionary act?

Answer 24

Utterances that convey a belief or proposition (e.g., “It’s raining.”). Utterances that try to get the hearer to do something (e.g., “Please close the door.”)

Question 25

What is a Commissive illocutionary act? What is an Expressive illocutionary act?

Answer 25

Utterances committing the speaker to a future action (e.g., “I will help you.”). Utterances expressing the speaker’s feelings (e.g., “I’m so happy!”).

Question 26

What is a Declarative illocutionary act?

Answer 26

Utterances that bring about a change in the world by being uttered (e.g., “I now pronounce you married.”).

Question 27

. Name two cues speakers use to signal turn-taking.

Answer 27

Pauses, eye contact, intonation, body language.

Question 28

What are routines in conversation?

Answer 28

Fixed expressions used to manage social interactions (greetings, closings, topic shifts).

Question 29

What is a conversation gambit?

Answer 29

A formulaic phrase that opens, sustains, or shifts topics smoothly (e.g., “By the way…”).

Question 30

Give an example gambit for initiating a turn.

Answer 30

. Excuse me…” or “Sorry…”

Question 31

Give a gambit for changing the subject. What gambit expresses surprise?

Answer 31

By the way…”You’re pulling my leg!”

Question 32

What is an adjacency pair?

Answer 32

A two-part exchange where the second utterance depends on the first (e.g., Question → Answer).

Question 33

Give three common adjacency pairs.

Answer 33

Greeting–Greeting (“Hi!” → “Hello!”), Question–Answer, Offer–Acceptance

Question 34

What is a preferred vs. dispreferred response?

Answer 34

Preferred follows social expectation (e.g., apology → acceptance); dispreferred deviates (e.g., apology → refusal).

Question 35

What is Nomination as a communication strategy?. What is Topic Control?

Answer 35

Introducing or opening a topic to start conversation. Keeping the conversation focused without unwanted topic shifts.

Question 36

What is Repair in conversation? What is Termination?

Answer 36

Techniques to address and correct misunderstandings or errors. Closing a topic or ending a conversation with cues like “Well, I’ve got to go.”