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1
Q

braced frame

A

A vertical truss used to resist lateral forces.

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2
Q

frost line

A

The expected maximum depth of frost penetration in the ground in a given area.

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3
Q

post-and-beam system

A

A simple structural system consisting of beams simply supported on posts.

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4
Q

irregular structure

A

In seismic design, a structure which has significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in its lateral force resisting system. Since irregular structures have less favorable and predictable seismic response characteristics than regular structures, specific design requirements are prescribed for each type of irregularity.

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5
Q

couple

A

Two forces equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, and acting at some distance from each other. The moment produced by a couple is equal to the value of one force multiplied by the distance between the two forces.

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6
Q

gravel

A

A coarse granular material, with particles varying from about 3” to 3/16”.

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7
Q

compacted fill

A

Fill which has been densified by the application of pressure, usually by mechanical equipment, in order to increase its strength and stability and reduce its settlement. Properly compacted fill is often suitable for the support of building footings.

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8
Q

groove weld

A

A weld placed between two butting pieces of metal to be joined.

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9
Q

bolt

A

A metal fastener with a head at one end and external thread at the other end to receive a nut.

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10
Q

drilled pile

A

A vertical shaft drilled into the ground and filled with concrete, which supports building loads by skin friction.

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11
Q

web

A

The portion of a truss between the chords, or the portion of a beam between the flanges.

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12
Q

stirrup

A

A vertical steel bar, usually U-shaped, used to reinforce a reinforced concrete beam where the shear stresses are excessive.

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13
Q

accelerator

A

A substance, such as calcium chloride, added to a concrete mix to speed up its setting and strength development.

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14
Q

cofferdam

A

A watertight, temporary structure used under water, in which construction work can be performed.

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15
Q

axial load

A

A longitudinal load which acts at the centroid of a member and perpendicular to its cross-section, thereby producing uniform tensile or compressive stress without any bending.

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16
Q

m

A

A symbol for bending moment.

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17
Q

reinforcing steel

A

Round steel bars with surface deformations which are placed in the forms prior to casting of concrete, and which primarily resist tension.

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18
Q

focus

A

The location in the earth’s crust where rock slippage begins during an earthquake. Also called the hypocenter.

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19
Q

displacement

A

Horizontal or vertical movement of a structural element resulting from applied seismic or other load.

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20
Q

lintel

A

A structural member placed over an opening and supporting construction above.

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21
Q

heavy timber

A

Referring to construction in which fire resistance is obtained by using wood structural members of specified minimum sizes.

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22
Q

size factor

A

A factor used to reduce the allowable bending stress for wood beams deeper than 12”.

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23
Q

air entrainment

A

The incorporation of tiny air bubbles into concrete to improve its workability and resistance to frost.

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24
Q

web members

A

The interior members of a truss, which connect the chords.

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25
differential settlement
Unequal settlement of the various parts of a building, which may cause excessive stresses in the structural frame or tilting of the building.
26
cable roof
A curved structure in which the internal stresses are pure tension.
27
silt
A fine-grained soil, whose particles are larger than clay and smaller than sand.
28
dry pack
To pack a damp concrete mixture into a confined space.
29
strain
The change in size of a body caused by external forces. It is also called deformation.
30
ultimate strength
The maximum unit stress that can be developed in a material.
31
statical moment
The product of an area and the distance from the centroid of the area to a given axis.
32
deformation
The change in size of a body caused by external forces. It is also called strain.
33
trussed rafter
A prefabricated, lightweight wood truss used to support roof loads and other small structures.
34
eccentric load
A longitudinal load which acts at a distance from a member's centroid, thereby producing bending moment in addition to axial stress.
35
retaining wall
A wall which resists the lateral pressure of retained earth or other material.
36
stub girder system
A steel framing system in which beams sit on top of a girder and short lengths of "stub girders" the same depth as the floor beams are welded to the top of the girder to provide for composite action.
37
Vierendeel truss
A truss with no diagonals.
38
hyperbolic paraboloid
A thin shell saddle-shaped surface formed by moving a vertical parabola with downward curvature along a perpendicular to another parabola with upward curvature.
39
impact hammer test
A nondestructive test to determine the strength of hardened concrete, by measuring the rebound of a plunger after striking the concrete surface. This test is not accurate enough to be a substitute for standard compression tests.
40
concentrated load
A load which acts at one point on a structure.
41
psf
An abbreviation for pounds per square foot.
42
negative moment
Bending moment which produces tension in the upper part of a beam and compression in the lower part.
43
pile load test
A test to verify or determine the allowable pile loads used in design.
44
M
A symbol for bending moment.
45
shoring
Temporary support for a portion of a building.
46
gravity wall
A retaining wall which depends entirely on its own weight to resist the pressure of the retained earth and provide stability.
47
meridian
A curved line on the surface of a dome, usually circular, which is formed by the intersection of a vertical plane with the dome, when the plane passes through the top of the dome.
48
creep
Continued deformation of a structural member with time, with no increase of load.
49
foundation
The part of a building's structure which transmits the building's load to the underlying soil.
50
moment
The tendency of a force to cause rotation about a given point or axis.
51
bearing wall
A wall which supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.
52
tied column
A reinforced concrete column, usually square or rectangular, containing longitudinal reinforcing bars and separate lateral ties.
53
sheeting
Vertical members used to temporarily hold the face of an excavation during construction.
54
ledger
A horizontal member supporting joists.
55
spread footing
A foundation which spreads the load over a large area of soil. It is also called a footing.
56
redundant member
Any truss member not necessary for stability.
57
brittle
Describing a material or structural system which tends to fail suddenly without warning when subject to high stresses, as opposed to a ductile material or system, which can absorb energy without failure.
58
moment-resisting frame system
In seismic design, a structural system with an essentially complete frame which provides support for vertical loads. Lateral loads are resisted by moment-resisting frames.
59
Modified Mercalli scale
A scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake, that is, its effects on people and buildings. The scale varies from I (not failed except under especially favorable circumstances) to XII (damage nearly total).
60
strap footing
An exterior column footing joined by a concrete beam to an interior column footing. It is called a cantilever footing.
61
core test
A compression test of hardened concrete which has been cut from the structure.
62
angle of repose
The steepest angle with the horizontal at which a pile of loose earth will stand without sliding.
63
California bearing ratio | CBR
A ratio used to determine the bearing capacity of a soil, based on a standard test.
64
elastic limit
The unit stress for a material, below which Hooke's Law applies.
65
base shear (v)
The total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.
66
strut
A member which collects seismic load from the diaphragm to which it is attached and delivers it to a shear-resisting element. Also called a collector or drag strut.
67
reentrant corner
An inside corner which occurs in buildings with L-, T-, U-, and cross-shaped plans. Reentrant corners cause high stress concentration during an earthquake unless they are strengthened or a seismic separation is provided.
68
lateral load
Any horizontal load on a building, including the load from wind or earthquake.
69
delamination
The separation of laminations of a glue laminated beam caused by failure of the adhesive.
70
water-cement ratio
The ratio of water to cement in a concrete mix, the main factor which determines concrete strength.
71
strength reduction factor
A factor used to reduce the capacity of reinforced concrete members to account for possible variations in quality control.
72
split ring
A high-strength timber connector used in wood-to-wood joints.
73
plastic limit
The moisture content at which a soil starts to change from a semisolid to a plastic state.
74
punching shear
Two-way shear which occurs in a flat slab, spread footing, or pile cap.
75
beam
A structural member which supports loads perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
76
surcharge
Increased earth pressure against a retaining wall caused by vertical load behind the wall or a sloping ground surface.
77
bridging
Cross braces used between joists to stabilize them.
78
timber connector
A high-strength connector used for wood-to-wood or wood-to-steel joints. Types include one split ring (wood-to-wood), two shear plates (wood-to-wood), and one shear plate (wood-to-steel).
79
chord
A perimeter member of a truss.
80
weep hole
A small hole near the bottom of a retaining wall, usually back filled with gravel, to allow water to drain to the outside of the wall and thus avoid hydrostatic pressure against the wall.
81
overturning moment
The moment, caused by wind or earthquake, which tends to overturn a structure.
82
horizontal bracing system
A horizontal truss system which distributes lateral forces, caused by wind or earthquake, to the vertical resisting elements.
83
regular structure
In seismic design, a structure which has no significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in its lateral force resisting system. Regular structures exhibit more favorable and predictable seismic response characteristics than irregular structures.
84
accelerograph
A seismological instrument which is normally inoperative, but becomes activated when subject to strong earth motion, records the earth motion, and then shuts off.
85
L
A standard designation for structural steel angle.
86
isoseismals
Map contours connecting points of equal intensity for a given earthquake.
87
section modulus (s)
The ratio of the moment of inertia of a beam (I) to the distance from its neutral axis to the most remote fiber (c). Thus, section modulus (s) = I/c. The S-value of a beam is a measure of its ability to resist bending moment.
88
radiographic inspection
Nondestructive testing of welded joints using x-rays and gamma rays.
89
H-pile
A structural steel pile whose cross-section is H-shaped.
90
method of joints
An analytical method for determining the force in the members of a truss, in which each joint is isolated and the unknown forces determined using the equations of equilibrium.
91
flat plate
A concrete slab reinforced in two directions which brings its load directly to supporting columns without any beams, girders, column capitals, or drop panels.
92
lift slab
A flat plate cast at grade around columns and then lifted to position with hydraulic jacks.
93
slip-critical connection
A structural steel connection using high-strength bolts, in which no slip can occur.
94
hoop
A horizontal member which extends around the circumference of a dome.
95
shear plate
A high-strength timber connector used in wood-to-steel connections (using one shear plate) or wood-to-wood connections (using two shear plates), where demountability is desired.
96
method of sections
An analytical method for determining the force in the members of a truss, in which the truss is cut by an imaginary section and a free body diagram drawn of the portion of the truss thus isolated.
97
lamella
A roof structure comprising a series of parallel arches, skewed to the axis of the building, which are intersected by another series of skewed arches, so that they interact with each other.
98
K
An effective length factor used in the design of structural steel columns.
99
sand
Granular material, ranging from about 3/8" to .005".
100
tilt-up wall
A reinforced concrete wall which is precast at the job site, usually in a flat position, and later tilted up and set into place.

Structural Systems (4 decks)

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