2/7/14-Learning Theories Ch. 3

Question 1

What is a baseline?

Answer 1

History and test results

Question 2

After establishing a baseline, what do you need to do?

Answer 2

Develop a goal (see drawing from 2/7 notes)

Question 3

What happens between a baseline and a goal?

Answer 3

Learning and time (time is beneficial because of maturity, or spontaneous recovery)

Question 4

What is one of the number one things we are doing in therapy?

Answer 4

Teaching and they are learning

Question 5

Why are learning theories so important?

Answer 5

it helps us see how all the things we do and learn to do come from as far as research and theories are concerned.

Question 6

What is learning?

Answer 6

The process and mental structures by which people accumulate experiences and make them into new meanings.

Question 7

what four learning theories apply most to speech pathology?

Answer 7

• Behaviorism
• Cognitive
• Humanistic/experiential
• Social Orientation

Question 8

What is behaviorism?

Answer 8

Overt behaviors that can be observed and measured (and manipulated). Doesn’t really consider thought, maturity or development.

Question 9

Who was the father of classical conditioning - stimulus-response?

Answer 9

Ivan Pavlov

Question 10

What is classical condition?

Answer 10

Where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned response.

Question 11

When would you see classical condition in speech therapy?

Answer 11

Prompting

Question 12

t/f

classical conditioning is considered behaviorism?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What did John B. Watson believe?

Answer 13

That practice strengthened learning

Question 14

Where do we use John B. Watson’s concept in our therapy?

Answer 14

Articulation- drill and kill

Question 15

Who was the father of operant conditioning?

Answer 15

B.F. Skinner

Question 16

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 16

• Every action is driven by reward – no thinking involved.

- Individual “behaves” in a certain way, receives a reward, and establishes a bond between the two.

Question 17

t/f

operant conditioning is behaviorism?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

How do we apply operant conditioning in therapy?

Answer 18

Reenforce everything we get a positive response for what we are looking for

Question 19

What are the therapy techniques which apply to the behaviorist learning theory?

Answer 19

• Prompting (verbal, hand over hand)
• cueing
• reinforcements (all the time or fade it off, ignoring)
• task analysis

Question 20

When is a behaviorist helpful to SLPs?

Answer 20

When we can’t get to the language because behavior is in the way

Question 21

on the learning curve she drew, is most benefited from ABA (intense focus on prompting, switching, task analyzing)

Answer 21

1 (see notes (2) learning theories chp 3 for curve drawing)

Question 22

what is cognitive learning theory?

Answer 22

Involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans process and store information. The maturity and development of the brain was learning.

Question 23

What are Jean Piaget’s stages of development?

Answer 23

• Sensorimotor: 0-2 years
• Preoperational: 2-7 years
• Concrete Operations: 7-12
• Formal Operations: begins around age 12

Question 24

What is the sensorimotor period?

Answer 24

• Ranges from birth to age 2 years.
• Consisting of motor reflexes in beginning phases (birth to 1 year).
• Children learn through touch and movement ( 1 to 2 years).

Question 25

Why would sensorimotor be important to know/consider in a therapy session?

Answer 25

We would be doing more hands on therapy with sensorimotor. Their learning is through touch and doing (i.e., skipping)

Question 26

What is the preoperational period?

Answer 26

- Ages 2 through 7 years of age. - Acquisition of representational skills (symbols) in areas of language, mental imagery, and drawing. - The greatest increase is in the area of language. - Figurative play: banana as a phone, etc.

Question 27

t/f Language is symbolic

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What is concrete operational period?

Answer 28

- 7 years through 12 years of age. - Children learn quantity and time. - Child can now better judge container volume. Theory of conservation. - Begins taking points of view of others, humor, and transition into adult-like thought of adults. - Higher level and more abstract thinking thought. Coming out of oneself. Perspective taking (most adults function at this level)

Question 29

What is formal operations period?

Answer 29

- Begins around age 12. - Child develops ability to reason on the basis of theoretical possibilities as well as concrete realities (comparing things that might happens, predictions) - Hypothetical thought begins.

Question 30

How do we progress from one stage to the next?

Answer 30

Cognitive shifts are based on: - Assimilation - Accommodation - Equilibration

Question 31

What is assimilation?

Answer 31

- Ability to manipulate incoming information so that it fits with his or her existing way of thinking. - We have schemas and we have a way of making what we see fit into our schema. i. e. basketball for belly… - We make assumptions as well apply conditions and circumstances to situations not because they are there but because they fit with what we know.

Question 32

What is accommodation (the shift)?

Answer 32

- You then accommodate your thinking when you have new experiences. - Your new experience tells you that the NEW assumptions, conditions and circumstances may apply to similar situations.

Question 33

What is equilibration (Where we end up)?

Answer 33

- When you become satisfied with your new knowledge and information processing. - BUT just when you become comfortable you realize that you do not actually know everything!! And you become DISSASTIFIED with your level of assimilation (which encompasses your new accommodations) and you enter DISEQUILIBRIUM!! - SOOO you advance your thinking about things (in a new phase) and start over.

Question 34

Why are learning theories important for SLPs?

Answer 34

- Establishes expectations for “typical” cognitive behavior. - Provides a point of reference against which the client’s developmental data may be compared. - Provides support and direction for programming expectations for clients.

Question 35

Review Piaget schema

Answer 35

.

Question 36

What is Humanistic/Experiential?

Answer 36

- Maslow = experience is the primary phenomena in learning. - Hierarchy of needs: - Physiological needs - Safety - Love/belonging - Self-esteem - Knowledge/understanding - Self-actualization - Learning (self-actualization is difficult if lower order needs were not met first)

Question 37

review triangle from notes

Answer 37

.

Question 38

What did Carl Rogers say regarding when learning occurs best with humanistic/experiential?

Answer 38

- Topic is relevant - Threat to self is low - Is self-initiated

Question 39

How is humanistic/experiential important to SLPs?

Answer 39

- Creating physical climates to meet client’s needs. - Maintaining a supportive emotional climate. - Developing challenging and meaningful activities.

Question 40

What is social orientation and who developed it?

Answer 40

Lev Vygotsky = he believed social interactions influence cognitive development. - Interactions are vital! - Learn by interacting with more ‘competent’ persons. - Teacher and peer guidance assist self-directed learning

Question 41

What therapy techniques would apply to social orientations learning theory?

Answer 41

- Description-the adult labels what he or she believes the child is seeing - Self-talk- the SLP describes what he or she is doing - Parallel talk- the SLP describes what the child is doing - Expansions- additions to the child’s utterances - Group therapy= Peer interactions for modeling

Question 42

What is learning styles?

Answer 42

- A way an individual receives, processes, and internalizes new and challenging information. - Based on inherited traits, family upbringing, environment. - Two points of view 1) processing style (global or analytic) and 2) preferred modality (visual/auditory, or tactile).

Question 43

What is processing styles- global?

Answer 43

- Global: whole-part-whole (this is Ismara) - Want to know bottom line without regard for all the steps to get there. ( - Need breaks, snacks, mobility. . .

Question 44

What is processing styles- analytical?

Answer 44

- Learn step-by-step. - Give me the directions, NOW!! - Working with little distraction. (Ismara)

Question 45

What are the preferred modalities?

Answer 45

- Auditory (sound/verbal) - Visual (slides, board) - Tactile (get into therapy)

Question 46

What are the guidelines for an orderly and sensible learning environment?

Answer 46

- Learning proceeds from the concrete to the abstract. - Learning proceeds from the general to the specific. - Learning proceeds from simple to complex. These 3 above basically says to make it easier for the kid. One step directions, vs multiple directions. Use basic concepts. - Attention and focus are necessary for learning. - this is language - Duration of attention is developmental: 1 min=1 yr. - Processing and remember occurs best when info is personalized, organized, and developed around prior knowledge. - Repetitive- offer 3-5 models, examples for a client - Rapport- comfort and trust aid learning (optimal frustrations) - comfortable and relaxed you are able to learn more

Question 47

how does arctic move from concrete to abstract with articulation (example)?

Answer 47

start with individual sounds (isolation), then sounds in words, then sounds in sentences, and finally sounds in phrases (hierarchy)

Question 48

how does arctic move from concrete to abstract with language (example)?

Answer 48

Literal vs. an idiom (raining cats and dogs)