2. Anthropometry & Body Composition

Question 1

What is Body Composition?
What Elements Is the Human Body Composed of?

Answer 1

Body composition – relative proportion of different components that make up the human body

• 65% Oxygen
• 18.5% Carbon
• 9.5% Hydrogen
• 3% Nitrogen
• 3% Other

Question 2

Humans are Composed of which 4 Main Tissue Types?

Answer 2

Tissues are a collection of cells
a. Nervous
b. Epithelial
c. Muscle
d. Connective

Question 3

Where is Nervous Tissue Located?
(3)

Answer 3

• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Nerves

Question 4

Where is Epithelial Tissue Located?
(3)

Answer 4

• Lining of GI Tract Organs
• Other Hollow Organs
• Skin Surface (Epidermis)

Question 4

What are the types of Muscle Tissue?
(3)

Answer 4

• Cardiac Muscle
• Smooth Muscle
• Skeletal Muscle

Question 5

Where is Connective Tissue Located?
(3)

Answer 5

• Fat and Cartilage
• Bone
• Tendon

Question 5

The human body is made up of which
3 major structural components?

Answer 5

a. Muscle
b. Skeleton (bone)
c. Fat

Question 6

What is the Two-Component Model?

Answer 6

Two-component model
– the amount of Fat and Fat-Free Mass of which the body is composed.

– Fat-free mass is primarily composed of bone, muscle, water, vital organs, and connective tissue.

Question 7

What is Anthropometry?

Answer 7

Quantitative measurement of body size and proportions
* For purposes of understanding human physical variation and body composition

– including skinfold thicknesses, circumferences, bony widths and lengths, height, and body weight.

Question 8

Reasons to Assess Body Composition?
(6)

Answer 8

• Determine optimal body composition for sports
• Develop weight reduction programs
• Determine bone mineral content in women and children
• Monitor changes in body composition associated with disease.
• Track goals for weight management and strength training
• Determine body composition-related health risk

Question 9

What is Hypertension?

Answer 9

High Blood Pressure

Question 10

What are some Complications Associated With Obesity? (4)

Answer 10

• Type II diabetes mellitus
• Hypertension
• Coronary artery disease, and heart failure
• Higher incidence of certain cancers

Question 11

What is an Eating Disorder?
(4)

Answer 11

An Eating disorder is a disturbance in eating behaviour that jeopardizes a person’s physical or psychological health.

• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa
• Binge eating disorder
• Female athlete triad

Question 12

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Answer 12

• anorexia means “without appetite” and nervosa means “of nerve origin”
• 90% female
• a disorder characterized by
  – a refusal to maintain a minimally healthy body weight,
  – self-starvation
  – a disturbed perception of body weight and shape

Question 13

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

Answer 13

Bulimia nervosa
– recurring episodes of binge eating combined with a morbid fear of becoming fat;

• usually followed by self-induced vomiting or purging
• Emetic – an agent that causes vomiting

Question 14

What is Binge Eating Disorder?

Answer 14

an eating disorder whose criteria are similar to those of bulimia nervosa, excluding purging or other compensatory behaviours.

Question 15

What is Essential Fat? (3)

Answer 15

1. fat that is required for normal physiological functioning
2. structural components of cell membranes,
3. required for the synthesis of certain hormones, transport of fat-soluble vitamins, (ADEK) etc.

Question 16

What is Storage Fat?

Answer 16

• fat that is stored in adipose tissue for energy supply purposes. It is located underneath the skin (subcutaneous), in the abdominal cavity, and around certain organs.

Question 17

Where is excess fat stored in Males?

Answer 17

• excess fat is deposited on
  the upper torso and around the abdomen.
  (apple)

Question 18

Where is excess fat stored in Females?

Answer 18

excess fat is deposited below the waist in the thighs, hips, and buttocks
(pear)

Question 19

What is Obesity?

Answer 19

Obesity
– BMI ≥ 30;
– Percent Body Fat ≥
20% (men); 30% (women)

Question 20

How has Obesity Affected Children?
(3)

Answer 20

• Today children are taller, heavier, fatter and weaker than in 1981.
• may result in accelerated disease development increased health care costs, and loss of future productivity.
• Obese children become obese adults.

Question 21

What are some Causes of the Obesity Epidemic? (5)

Answer 21

1. Energy intake exceeds energy expenditure – too much food and too little activity.
2. Decreased physical activity
   (automobiles, screens)
3. Increased consumption of calories
4. Social environment (ads, family)
5. Biology (genetics) can increase or decrease chance at becoming obese

Question 22

What is Epigenetics?

Answer 22

Epigenetics is the study of how our environment can change the way our genes work.

often refers to changes in a chromosome that affect gene activity and expression, but can also be used to describe any heritable phenotypic change that doesn’t derive from a modification of the genome.

Question 23

What is Sarcopenia?

Answer 23

gradual loss of muscle mass, strength and function

Question 24

What are some Keys to a Healthy Body Composition? (3)

Answer 24

- Healthy Diet - Regular Exercise and Physical Activity - Proper Sleep

Question 25

What are Height - Weight Table? What is a criticism of them?

Answer 25

They estimate Health Risk - do not consider body composition - data from 1983 white men (25-59) - No accepted method has been devised for determining frame size.

Question 26

What is Body Density?

Answer 26

Body density varies with amount of body fat. – Fat 0.91 g/mL – Water 1.0 g/mL – Lean tissue 1.10 g/mL and higher. * The greater the proportion of fat, the lower the body density. * Use underwater weighing or volumetry to measure body volume.

Question 27

What is the "Gold Standard" method for body density and volume measurements? What is the Problem with it?

Answer 27

For decades hydrostatic weighing has been used as a universal method for validating skinfold calliper formulae and all other methods (ie) it has been used as the "gold standard". Problems:- cadaver studies (Brussels cadaver study, 1984) have shown that the density of the nonfat compartment varies as a function of age, sex, and racial group. Therefore, a nonfat density value of 1.10 g/ml is not universally applicable.

Question 28

What are the two compartments of the human body? What are their respective densities?

Answer 28

- Fat and Non-Fat - Fat has a Density of 0.90 g/ml - Non-Fat a Density of 1.10 g/ml.

Question 29

What is BMI used for?

Answer 29

- Body Mass Index - kg/m^2 (weight/height^2) - used for an indicator of obesity

Question 30

BMI Classification Systems

Answer 30

Classification for adults (20-70 years old): – BMI less than 18.5 = underweight – BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 = overweight – BMI of 30 or higher = obese

Question 31

What is a Criticism of BMI?

Answer 31

Criticism - BMI does not differentiate body composition. – BMI of NFL football players: Patrick Mahomes = 28.9 (6’2“, 225 lbs) – BMI of NHL hockey players: Sidney Crosby = 27.8 (5‘11“, 200 lbs)

Question 32

What is the Structural Model?

Answer 32

Structural Model - The main structural components of the body are bone, fat and muscle. The relative proportion of these components varies with gender, genetics, age and lifestyle and can be indicative of overall health and fitness.

Question 33

What is the Chemical Model?

Answer 33

Chemical model - fat, protein, carbohydrates, mineral, water

Question 34

Co-morbidities/Complications Associated with Obesity

Answer 34

- Type II diabetes mellitus - Hypertension - Coronary artery disease, and heart failure - Higher incidence of certain cancers – breast, colon, esophagus, prostate, kidney, and uterus. Up to one-third of common cancers in industrialized nations are related to excess weight and diminished physical activity. - Dyslipidemia - Higher levels of inflammatory markers in the body - Stroke - Sleep apnea - Gallbladder disease - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Osteoarthritis of the weight-bearing joints - Gout - Reduced fertility - Impaired obstetric performance - Reduced physical agility

Question 35

Co-morbidities/Complications Associated with Excessive Thinness

Answer 35

- Fluid-electrolyte imbalances - Osteoporosis - Bone fractures - Muscle wasting - Cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death - Peripheral edema - Renal disorders - Reproductive disorders

Question 36

Male vs Female Storage and Essential Fat

Answer 36

For reference male and female, age 20 - 24: Storage fat: - female = 15% - male = 12% Essential fat: - female = 12% - male = 3%

Question 37

What is one of the largest epidemics the world has faced?

Answer 37

The combination of diabetes and obesity is one of the largest epidemics the world has faced. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing around the world and the obese are becoming more severely obese.

Question 38

Where does obesity rank in preventable deaths in NA?

Answer 38

Obesity now ranks as the second leading cause of preventable deaths in the US and Canada. Deaths from tobacco use rank first. Obese individuals with a BMI of 30 or larger can expect about a ~7 year decrease in longevity. Survival rates progressively increase as BMI decreases.

Question 39

What is NEAT?

Answer 39

NEAT – non-exercise activity thermogenesis. It is the energy expended by physical activities other than planned exercise – sitting, standing, walking, fidgeting, etc. In a recent research study, obese participants were seated for 164 minutes longer per day than lean participants.

Question 40

Common Techniques for Assessing Body Composition (Anthropometry) (7)

Answer 40

A. Height - Weight Tables B. Body Density and Volume Measurements C. Weight - Height Indices D. Waist Circumference E. Skinfold Measurements F. CSEP-PATH Body Composition Assessment (CSEP – Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology) G. O-Scale System H. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis I. Other Procedures 1. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) – 2. Computerized tomography (CT) 3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4. Total body water - hydrometry 5. Ultrasound 6. Total body potassium 7. Near-Infrared Interactance (NIR)