2. Attention to diversity. History and law Flashcards
Education for all within the framework of mainstream education
- Quality and equality (share space, methods…)
- Flexible school (requires presence, participation and achievement)
- Respect for diversity (teaching values to all)
- Emphasis on the needs of high-risk collectives
The least restrictive environment pyramid
Base
- full-time special school
- part-time regular school, part-time special school
- full-time regular school in special class
- part-time regular class, part-time special class
- full-time regular class + specialist
- full-time regular class
Possible barriers to try to overcome?
What to do when unavoidable?
- Physical inaccessibility
- Communication barriers
- Lack of coordination
- Poor teaching skills
- Wrong education policies
- Lack of resources
- …
Least restrictive environment (pyramid)
Evolution of inclusion
From ancient times to current times
- Ancient times - rejection (exclusion): demonological model
- Middle Ages - rejection (exclusion): demonological but first asylums
- Psychiatric naturalism - acceptance (segregation): medical explanations, more positive but to sensory disabilities, (Fray Ponce de Leon; teach deaf to talk and read)
- 18th- 19th centuries- acceptance (segregation): the institution
After this, understanding (integration) and then education for all (inclusion)
Diversity in Spain
- Students who present special educational needs derived from disabilities (hearing, motor, developmental, behaviour…)
- Students with high intelectual abilities
- Students with late integration into the Spanish educational system
- Other categories (learning disorders, language and communication disorders…)
Periods in Special Education:
Period of Institutions (late 19th-20th century)
Compulsory education - interest in classifying “abnormal” people - institutions/special centres
- Segregation and discrimination
- Disabled were considered educable
Two sub-periods:
- Institutions: medical model, organized as hospitals, healthcare staff, heterogeneous groups
- Special centres: psychoeducational model, organized by deficit, psycho-pedagogical staff, homogeneous groups
Periods in Special Education:
Period of Normalization (mid 20th-late 20th)
- Community support services appear: National Association for Retarded Children (NARC)
- Human rights and rights of people with disabilities
Two basic principles:
- Normalization: normalizing their existence and making society know and respect differences. Equality
- Integration: joint schooling, bringing special edu into mainstream edu
Periods in Special Education:
Period of Normalization (mid 20th-late 20th)
Warnock Report
Provided basis for educational integration in the UK and it had a strong influence on education laws in Spain but 12 years later (LOGSE, 1990)
Term Special Educational Needs was introduced
Periods in Special Education:
The beginning of inclusive education (late 80s-early 90s)
Equity
Education for all within the framework of mainstream education
- Restructuring education systems: strengthening the capacity of the edu system to reach out to all students
- Schools open to diversity: heterogeneous classroms
The Regular Education Initiative in the USA
Stainback & Stainback
- Special education criticized as ineffective
- Proposal: rather than giving attention to special needs, apply better education to all
- Has to provide: programs fitted to the abilities and needs of each student and support resources for students and teachers to ensure success
How do we have to consider education today
- A process
- A continuum: from full inclusion to special centres
- It requires identifying and eliminating barriers
- Requires presence, participation and achievement
- Requires collaboration between different professionals
- Special attention to high-risk students
Main obstacles for inclusion
- Certain values and attitudes
- Lack of understanding or necessary skills
- Limitation in resources or improper organization
Inclusive education in Spain:
LOE & LOMCE
- Students with specific educational support needs (alcance máximo desarrollo personal, asegurar recursos necesarios)
- Students with special needs (discapacidad o trastornos graves de conducta)
- Normalization and inclusion, least restrivtive environment when barriers unavoidable
