(2) Australian Eating Patterns, Social + Emotional Roles of Food, and Media Flashcards

Question

Location - Metropolitan

Answer 1

Most people who live in metropolitan areas have a variety of supermarkets, wholesale fruit and vegetable markets and specialty food shops close by. Food prices in these areas are generally competitive, because there is usually more than one supermarket or fresh food market in the vicinity. For many people living in urban areas, it might only be a five-minute drive to the nearest shopping centre, which means they have little trouble purchasing fresh, good-quality ingredients regularly.

Answer 2

Families who live in more remote rural areas may have greater difficulty in accessing fresh ingredients. - limited range of products available - nearest shops could be many kilometres away - fresh fruit and vegetables might not be available on a regularly, must rely more on frozen or canned produce - food is more expensive due to transportation, distribution costs and lack of market competition - lack of access = greater health concerns and have a lower life expectancy. - Suburbs with high levels of social disadvantage may become the target of fast-food restaurants, energy-dense nutrient-poor meals

Answer 3

Have access to a wide range of fresh foods in nearby fresh food markets and supermarkets - kitchen facilities in apartments can be restricted, because space is limited, now designed with limited food storage, preparation and cooking facilities - only a microwave, small bar sized fridge - unable to store food for the week and instead have to shop on a daily basis - This can limit the ability to prepare nutritious meals.

Answer 4

Many homeless people often find temporary accommodation in a shelter or hostel, or may end up sleeping rough on the street. These living conditions are extremely difficult and mean that obtaining a healthy meal is sometimes impossible. Shelters and hostels may not provide meals or cooking facilities and thus they are reliant on the provision of food vouchers, food parcels or meals from welfare agencies. These people with limited money means are unable to access healthy food and thus struggle to maintain good health.

Answer 5

A lack of time often makes it very difficult for families to prepare a healthy home-cooked meal from scratch. Arriving home after a busy day at work or juggling children's sporting commitments and school activities can leave little time for meal preparation. The need for quick meal solutions has been met with a shift in the fruit and vegetables market, from loose produce to pre-packed, prepared and ready-to-cook products. These products are more expensive, but many people are willing to pay for the convenience they bring. - Coles released 100 ready-to-eat meals under their own brand, Coles Kitchen.

Answer 6

Many households purchase an all-in-one kitchen machine to make food preparation simpler and easier. This cooking appliance combines over ten appliances in one compact unit, making food preparation simple and efficient. All-in-one kitchen appliances have the ability to chop, beat, mix, whip, grind, knead, mince, juice, blend, heat, stir and steam. The machine can weigh ingredients during the preparation of recipes and cleans itself after food preparation. An all-in-one kitchen machine allows consumers to prepare a meal using fresh ingredients quite quickly, and its steaming function supports healthy cooking methods. Although these machines are expensive, they replace a large number of kitchen appliances.

Answer 7

A person's culture, their family and beliefs all influence the foods they eat. Food is also an important part of religious and spiritual observance - many Seventh Day Adventists do not eat meat or dairy products - fast, as a way of improving spiritual discipline - healthy 'Mediterranean diet, fresh vegetables and fruit, whole grains and fish, olive oil - This type of diet has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease and some forms of cancer.

Answer 8

- increased screentime = less active play = decreased fitness and health The screen time children are exposed to has increased with the growing use of tablets, computers and computer games, as well as television especially during the COVID-19 pandemic as a consequence of both home schooling and the use of social media to stay in contact with their friends. As children were not at school for large periods of time, there was also a decrease in physical activity. Physical education lessons and school sporting activities did not take place, and community sporting teams and events were in recess. This increase in screen time has meant that children spend less time than in previous generations in active play, such as playing outside or riding their bikes or scooters.

Answer 9

Modelling healthy eating patterns means demonstrating healthy ways of eating. Positive modelling by parents and families will mean a child has an increased interest in food and will be less fussy and more adventurous. If parents exclude certain foods from their diets or make negative comments about the taste or texture of food, the child will be less likely to try the food themselves. Parents have a critical role in establishing a healthy relationship with food. Healthy eating habits are learned through modelling; that is, through observation and by imitating others.

Answer 10

- must positive and enjoyable - help children recognise when they are satisfied or full - can suggest to children that they are full so could eat extra food later - make dinner a family time and try to regularly eat dinner at the table to model good habits - television and electronic devices should be turned off as it encourages mindless eating as it is easy to ignore cues when you are satisfied or full when you feel distracted. - having a variety of healthy snacks are good to ensure they don't resort to unhealthy snacks - don't pressure children to clean up their plate as it can cause them to miss cues that they are full

Answer 11

Research has shown that eating breakfast helps to improve mental and physical performance, while skipping breakfast has a serious impact on a child's ability to learn. Nutritional studies have also shown that eating a healthy, balanced breakfast will help children start the school day in a less stressed way, and will better enable them to concentrate on classroom activities. Research has shown that: Skipping breakfast as a serious impact on a **child's ability to learn** Eating breakfast helps improve **mental and physical performance**

Answer 12

Parents and carers can also use language to model the principles of healthy meal patterns. - don't focus on what they shouldn't eat, but instead to talk about what foods are good for them - avoid using negative language when describing foods, such as words like 'bad' or 'fattening - limits unhealthy foods for the whole family - use language found in food models (five food groups) when introducing foods like when offering a cheese stick, the parent or carer could say to the child 'these cheese sticks are delicious and they contain lots of calcium that will make your bones and teeth healthy and strong'.

Answer 13

This is another means of modelling healthy food choices. Choosing and buying healthy food is a good foundation that will allow the child to make healthy choices throughout their life. Pushing the trolley through the supermarket is a perfect time to begin talking about the purchase of healthy foods and making healthy food choices like what's in season, the quality of foods and how to read a food label This encourages children to be more aware of what they eat and to develop greater 'ownership' of their own healthy eating behaviour. - food citizenship

Answer 14

As they see adults preparing foods that make up a healthy meal, children develop their own understanding of healthy food choices. Children should participate in the preparation of their school lunch, as they are more likely to make healthy choices and eat the lunch if they are involved in its preparation. They can also be involved in preparing the family dinner. Catherine Saxelby's Foodwatch website offers important tips on how to entice children into the kitchen and teach them the essential life skill of cooking their own food. Her key message is that it is very important to foster a love of and interest in food in early childhood, and to start by making cooking fun. She suggests breaking recipes down into simple steps and giving the child a notebook to write the steps down

Answer 15

It is important to offer water as a drink because it is the best way to satisfy thirst and, importantly, it does not contain sugar. Children who regularly consume sugary drinks are more likely to be overweight. Drinking water also prevents tooth decay, and fluoridated water helps strengthen teeth. Children should take a water bottle with them wherever they go and keep the sweetened drink supply to a minimum.

Answer 16

Many children are fussy eaters. However, it is important for children to be **exposed to new foods and flavours so that they develop a liking for a broad range of foods. This will give them a greater chance of establishing a healthy diet as they grow.** Children's food preferences and willingness to try new foods are greatly influenced by those around them, especially their family, friends and teachers. **Positive exposure to multiple foods, such as wholegrains and different varieties of fruits and vegetables, will help children develop a taste for a wide range of foods and will enable them to develop greater dietary variety.** This will make them more likely to choose these foods as regular mealtime selections. Sitting with children during mealtimes or snack times and discussing the **sensory properties of appearance, aroma, flavour and texture of new foods will encourage children's acceptance of the new foods.**

Answer 17

-Offer a wide variety of food to increase children's exposure to different foods. -Include a range of colours, textures and flavours in the child's lunch or dinner to increase their exposure to a range of foods. - Serve a small amount of vegetables and encourage children to take at least one small bite. - Encourage children to look, smell, touch and taste the new food. - Encourage rather than demand that a child eat a new food.

Answer 18

Carers and staff in childcare and early learning centres have an important role in modelling healthy eating behaviours as they have the opportunity to expose children to a variety of foods in a social setting. - family style dining - helping carer make and assemble healthy snacks like fruit platters

Answer 19

When children start school, they are exposed to the foods that their classmates bring in their lunch box, and this may give them greater courage to try new foods. School kitchen garden programs also encourage children to try foods, particularly vegetables, that they may have never tasted before, especially if they have helped grow them. This in turn may also encourage them to request these foods at home.

Answer 20

Repetition is important in encouraging a child to try a new food. Research has shown that it may take up to 15 exposures to a new food before a child is willing to try and then accept the new food. This means its necessary to offer the child the same food many times over several weeks before they will try it

Answer 21

Programs such as these can have a positive influence on understanding of food production, food security and sustainability, as well as family meal planning. Students involved in growing and preparing fresh produce are often introduced to new foods and their unique flavours, textures and aromas. As a result, they are more willing to prepare and cook these foods in their own home, encouraging other members of their family to try them too. Food citizenship is developed at an early age.

Answer 22

The term ‘individual identity’ refers to the qualities, beliefs, likes and dislikes that make a particular person different from others. Food and food choices play a major role in shaping and expressing a person’s individual identity.

Answer 23

* Emotions are psychological factors (e.g. joy, sorrow, fear, happiness, sadness, stress, boredom). * Food choices can change daily due to emotions, self-concept, and attitudes. * Negative emotions (e.g. depression, anxiety, boredom, stress) often lead to unhealthy eating habits. * Food can fulfill emotional needs, becoming more than just nutrition. * Emotional eating can serve as: * Reward or punishment * A way to show affection, hospitality, or make someone feel welcome/safe * Eating habits are shaped in early childhood. * Childhood experiences, like being rewarded with food, may influence adult eating behaviour.

Answer 24

Our values are those things that we see as important to us and that motivate and guide our decisions in life. A person's values can also define and shape their food choices and express their personal identity. For example, an individual may value their health and so choose a healthy diet. They may have respect for the rights of all living things and find the killing of animals cruel, and so value ethical food choices and therefore select a vegetarian or plant-based diet.

Answer 25

Our food choices are also often influenced by social occasions. Throughout life, people tend to share eating experiences with others, forming an identity within social, family or cultural groups. The contact they have with people within the group will influence an individual's food choice. A person's lifestyle, education, family size and the importance of hospitality within the social group will all help to shape a person's food choices. **Sharing food is an important way to get to know people, and to strengthen friendships and provide support for one another.**

Answer 26

Sharing meals as a family is a vital way of creating connectedness that is, linking a family together and creating a family bond. This allows family members to build an identity or their place in the family. In sharing meals, it is important to involve all members of the family in planning and preparation. **Many family gatherings often centre around food, especially when celebrating special occasions.** Birthdays, for example, may be celebrated with foods that are considered special or family favourites, and almost always involve a special cake.

Answer 27

As children enter their teenage years, their peer group begins to have a significant influence on the types of food they consume. This might mean getting together at a fast-food outlet where they can socialise over an inexpensive snack or meal. These outlets can be a convenient environment for young people to meet up because there is enough space for a group, and affordable food to purchase and share. Fast-food outlets have become part of youth culture and identity, and are used to express a youthful self and lifestyle image; one that is moving away from parental influences.

Answer 28

Virtual dinner parties were a popular way to catch up during the many COVID-19 lockdowns. Peer groups and friends could share a meal and connect safely. Video-conferencing platforms such as Zoom, Skype or Houseparty allow groups to meet in a virtual room and share a meal. Friends may arrange to order and have the same meal delivered at the same time, and then join a video-conferencing platform and eat together in a virtual environment. Eating the same meal makes people feel more connected. This means important events such as birthdays and anniversaries could be celebrated despite lockdown restrictions during COVID.

Answer 29

**Food can unite and strengthen community bonds, and help to maintain and support a shared identity among people.** A socially connected community is a place where everyone feels that they belong. It's a place where people get to know their neighbours and feel motivated to become involved, build relationships and contribute to the creation of strong social networks. Sharing food encourages contact with others, personal relationships and engagement in the community. Many groups within communities use food to celebrate occasions and support people within their community. **Food is a great way of bringing people together to celebrate, share, connect, understand and support each other.**

Answer 30

The welcome dinner project was initiated by a non-profit organisation called ‘joiningthedots’ and aims to connect newly arrived people such as refugees, migrants, asylum seekers and international students with other Australians. People of all cultures are encouraged to extend their dinner table by inviting other people to share food in the comfort of their home. The ‘pot-luck-style’ is a gathering of people who bring along food to share, making a meaningful connection and sparking friendships and understanding between cultures. This project encourages and increases social connectedness and involves the broader community in building a welcoming society in Australia.

Answer 31

In Albury/Wodonga, a wood-fired oven has been built in the shade of an old river gum in a park on the banks of the Murray River. The idea to build the community oven came from the local Community Development Office. The oven is fired up every second Sunday where anyone in the community can use it free of charge. This had a great effect on the local community as locals gather round the oven to share their pizzas, bread, roasts, lasagne, cakes and scones, all of which are cooked in the oven. This created a strong community as community members eat the food all together in the park.

Answer 32

Sconetine is an eating time for seniors where hot scones loaded with freshly made strawberry jam and cream are the drawcard of a new social scene for those who are tackling the serious issue of loneliness. A series of studies have linked loneliness to poor physical and mental health, finding it increases the risk of developing dementia, and of premature death.

Answer 33

The hard COVID-19 lockdown that occurred in the North Melbourne and Flemington public housing communities in July 2020 caused significant trauma for the residents living in these high-rise apartment blocks. People were very anxious and scared during the lockdown, and needed connection and support during this difficult time. Food is a vital part of daily life, and sharing food and creating recipes with neighbours provided a community- driven response to support connection, wellbeing and community resilience. The residents from diverse cultural backgrounds came together to create a not-for-profit cook book 'Cooking, recovery and connections' which provided and opportunity for the residents to demonstrate their resilience and celebrate the recovery of the community.

Answer 34

The Vinnies Soup Van program offers food, social connection and referrals to those people at risk of homelessness and disadvantage. The Vinnies soup van provides assistance for people in a number of locations across metropolitan and regional Victoria who are facing challenges or tough times in their life, such as people who are homeless or experiencing financial difficulties. The van is set up every night of the week in varying locations for disadvantaged people to access free food. This service not only provides a warm meal but also a friendly face that offers support and connects them with others in the community

Answer 35

We need food to fuel every cell in our body, and also our mind. Healthy patterns of eating can lead to better mental wellbeing, including stress management, increased concentration and improved sleep quality. It is important to choose foods from the five food groups with variety and balance in order to ensure mental wellbeing.

Answer 36

Discretionary foods such as chocolate and sugary drinks might give an immediate boost of energy, but it is usually only short-lived, and the person may in fact feel worse when it wears off. A better option for people who are feeling tired or stressed are snacks from the five food groups that provide a steady source of energy rather than a fast and short-lived source.

Answer 37

The fibre in fruit and vegetables supports a healthy gut environment and provides a wide range of vitamins and minerals, and antioxidants that support brain health. Further, fermented foods including kimchi, kombucha and sauerkraut support gut health and therefore the production of serotonin, a natural mood enhancer

Answer 38

Wholegrains are an important source of fibre to feed good gut bacteria and provide low-Gl carbohydrates for a steady source of brain fuel. The healthy omega-3 fats support brain function as well.

Answer 39

Lean meats, fish and eggs provide the protein for many brain chemicals that can influence mood. Oily fish, nuts, seeds and legumes are a good source of healthy fats including omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins that support positive mental health and protect against dementia and depression

Answer 40

Dairy foods such as yoghurt contain living beneficial bacteria (probiotics) that boost gut health and influence and improve mood and wellbeing.

Answer 41

Drinking plenty of water prevents dehydration, which often causes headaches, tiredness and brain fog that can affect the ability to concentrate and think clearly.

Answer 42

an umbrella term that is used to describe the technology used to communicate information to the public Digital media - social media, websites, podcasts Broadcasting media - television, radio, movies Print media - newspapers, magazines, billboards Internet- websites, online forums, podcas

Answer 43

One key strategy food manufacturers and advertisers use is to appeal to consumers' values and emotions. The key value many people hold when buying food for their family is that of good health.

Answer 44

The key value many people hold when buying food for their family is that of good health. Consequently, they might carefully examine the food label of a product to determine whether it is high in fibre or low in fat, for example. For other consumers, the value of sustainability is a major concern when shopping, so they might only purchase products that are marketed as being clean and green, having a low carbon footprint, or that use environmentally friendly packaging. Safety Family Responsibility Friendship Health Knowledge Happiness Ethics Fun Environment

Answer 45

Personal and family values can overlap or conflict. Example: When friends or relatives visit, families may buy energy-dense, low-nutrition snack or takeaway foods. This is done to satisfy values like happiness, fun, generosity, friendship, and family cohesion. Constant media messaging can 'normalise' particular foods. Media influences a person's values and food choices. Foods often advertised are low in nutrition, high in sugar, salt, fat, and low in fibre. Repetition and high visibility in media desensitise consumers to unhealthy food choices. Advertising makes consumption of unhealthy foods seem natural and desirable. The Obesity Policy Coalition states there is strong evidence that: Children's exposure to unhealthy food advertising affects their food choices. It influences their diets negatively. It contributes to poor diets, overweight, and obesity.

Answer 46

through digital marketing, brands engage with customers across all channels of communication, enabling them to interact with consumers via their iPhone, iPad or smartwatch in real time, using data intelligence to target messages and increase engagement

Answer 47

Personal devices, especially the iPhone, are key drivers in food marketing strategies. Smartphones have become a major part of the shopping experience, both in-store and at home. More families now shop online using mobile devices to browse and order groceries. Mobile devices connect consumers with food marketers through personalised shopping apps. These apps guide supermarket choices based on personal preferences, lifestyle, or health needs. Consumers often use mobile devices first to explore, discover, connect, and share. Mobile devices are always within easy reach, making them powerful marketing tools. Mobile content advertising is growing rapidly.

Answer 48

Food producers and manufacturers use social media to advertise products and shape food choices. Social media influences buying behaviour and creates 'brand advocates'. It encourages users to share product information and influence others. Businesses use social media to engage customers and track opinions. TikTok, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter use similar marketing strategies. Platforms use algorithms based on likes and purchase history to personalise ads. Advertising promotes alternatives and reminds consumers of past purchases to influence choices.

Answer 49

Hashtags are a way to group ideas, concepts and conversations. They make it easier to find others who are posting about the same topics. Chobani yoghurt use the hashtag #madewithchobani to focus their marketing campaign, highlighting the versatility of their yoghurt. They encourage consumers to use this hashtag when uploading photos showing how they use Chobani products, not only as a breakfast or snack option, but in sweet and savoury baked products, too. This provides ideas and inspiration, encouraging other consumers to purchase Chobani products.

Answer 50

Facebook too, makes it easy for people to connect and share information with friends, family, businesses and customers. Major food companies include their brand logo, product images and links to their website on their Facebook pages. This communication technique encourages consumers to 'like' a food company's Facebook page, giving them access to information about new product promotions, competitions and customer surveys. As followers of the product's Facebook page, their friends are immediately notified and encouraged to become followers too. Regular posts by the food manufacturer help ensure that marketing messages spread quickly, with the aim of becoming widespread or 'viral. These strategies mean that Facebook users become willing participants in spreading marketing messages on behalf of food manufacturers, with little incentive or reward required.

Answer 51

Websites are used by food retailers and food manufacturers to provide customers with information about their products. Major supermarkets such as Aldi have extensive websites that help customers purchase their weekly shopping without having to step into a physical store.

Answer 52

MasterChef is one of the most popular reality programs on Australian television. The food industry and food businesses such as Coles and Nandos are key sponsors of MasterChef Australia. The program uses its cooking and culinary theme to advertise and promote particular food products and ingredients, such as Coles products. MasterChef contestants use fruit and vegetables supplied by Coles, and the Coles website features the recipes cooked by contestants. This marketing technique influences the food knowledge and choices of consumers who watch the series. The ingredients used in all the recipes prepared on the program are available at Coles supermarkets. For many viewers, watching MasterChef links with their values of healthy food, taking on a challenge, learning, knowledge and good fun. Others value the feeling of belonging to a community of like-minded people who enjoy good food.

Answer 53

Like commercial companies, consumer organisations have well-established websites that provide consumers with information and aim to influence and shape their food choices. Nutrition Australia is a well-respected national organisation that aims to provide nutrition education to all Australians. Their website provides a wide range of resources for consumers in an effort to promote good health and reduce the incidence of lifestyle diseases among Australians. They provide fact sheets on nutrition and healthy eating, as well as delicious and healthy recipes to prepare at home. This form of media is easily accessible and helps shape consumers' knowledge by providing factual information from a trusted source.

Answer 54

Magazines such as AHFG and Body+Soul, a section of the news.com.au and weekend newspapers shape food choices by providing information about nutrition and healthy living These articles, and many more like them, provide important information to guide individuals and families in making sound food and lifestyle choices to maintain good health.

Answer 55

Full-page advertisements have become another way major supermarkets use the media to address consumer demands and demonstrate that they are responsible corporate citizens. In June 2021, Woolworths ran a series of advertisements in major newspapers to highlight the many strategies they are using to address consumers' environmental and ethical concerns. This strategy appeals to consumers' values of responsibility, trust, commitment, competence, honesty and respect.

Answer 56

Billboards are another form of media that is widely used to shape food knowledge, choice and values. Billboards, particularly those used on bus shelters or at railway stations, have high visibility and a strong impact on consumers. Similarly, advertising banners on trains, trams, buses or in taxis surround the travelling public. Advertisers use a range of strategies to appeal to consumers' emotions, such as the use of colour and larger-than-life visual images to ensure their product is prominent and to get their message across.

Answer 57

All forms of media collect data on their audiences. Once the research data has been collected, the research team uses data analytics - a process of examining raw data to draw conclusions about that information. This information enables the media and also the food industry to make better marketing decisions. This information helps them prepare and refine their marketing techniques in order to influence and shape consumers' food choices. Social media analytics uses metrics such as likes, follows, tweets and retweets, hashtags, previews and clicks to measure how well a brand is performing on a particular issue or topic.

Answer 58

Data collection and data targeting allow organisations and companies to track a customer's online journey and target the data they receive. Using this technique means that the company is targeting individuals, rather than broad age groups or demographics. This technique is called micro-targeting, and these personalised messages are based on the profiles collected based on past buying behaviours and online browsing habits. This has benefits for the consumer, as it gives them the opportunity to buy their preferred products at special prices. The ability of a company to identify their audience or target market is increasingly important. Food companies need to be able to create personalised, relevant messages in the right medium and context in order to reach their desired market and influence consumers' food choices.

Answer 59

Influencer marketing is a key strategy used in all forms of media, but particularly on social media platforms. Many food manufacturers use popular personalities or influencers to motivate buyers to purchase a particular product. Influencers can have millions of enthusiastic followers, and therefore have the ability to communicate a message to a broader market, boosting the brand's visibility. Influencer marketing is often described as 'viral' marketing, as followers are encouraged to pass on the message to family and friends via #hashtags or 'likes'. In my life, social media influencers generally advertise particular recipes and meal ideas which inspire and motivate me to cook those meals, or buy ingredients associated with the recipe so I can also recreate it.

Answer 60

Colour plays an important role in marketing food. Consumers take only moments to choose to pick up a product from the shelves, and colour registers much faster than the text written on the package. Different colours are used for different purposes and for different consumer personality types. The use of colour is also intended to appeal to consumers' values and emotions. For example, gourmet items are designed for the sophisticated consumer, and so the packaging tends to be in tasty, earthy tones and colours rather than bright hues. Packaging colour is also influenced by trends - a green colour is often used to depict foods that are considered healthy and environmentally friendly. Blue is not often used for food packaging, other than milk and water. Colour is also important to ensure that the product looks appealing. For example, packaging that includes an image of green potatoes or brown bananas are unlikely to appeal to customers. Bright colours may also be used to depict fun products that may lack nutritional appeal, for example, the confectionary aisle shows brightly coloured packaging on nearly every product.

Answer 61

In the media release announcing the new product range, Pauls states that using Bluey and her family will 'bring fun to the exciting Australian children's brand. While highlighting the nutritional value of their yoghurt, the company also taps into the issue of a busy family life and the challenge of getting children to eat well. These strategies appeal to parents' emotions and their values of caring and concern for good health and family. 😃 The use of popular cartoon characters such as Bluey to promote products also encourages 'pester power. Repetitive advertising through the media or placing products being marketed to children on lower shelves in the supermarket encourages them to 'pester' or 'nag' their parents to purchase those products

Answer 62

a definition of body image Body image is a person’s perception of their physical self and the thoughts and feelings that result from that perception. 'Our body image is formed by the thoughts, feelings, attitudes and beliefs we have about our bodies and how we look. This includes our shape, size, weight, gender identity, and the way our body functions for us. Many factors contribute to poor body image, such as being teased about appearance as a child and pressure to be thin, especially among teenage girls and young women. Research has shown that images portrayed in the media and advertising play a critical role in influencing body image. Often these images promote a particular appearance that is depicted as desirable and ideal. People of all ages are exposed to images of movie stars, models and high-profile sports people that are often unrealistic. This influence plays a critical role in persuading young people to conform to this ideal, often at the risk of their health. If a person feels they are unable to 'measure up' to these images, feelings of body dissatisfaction can have a damaging effect on a person's psychological and physical wellbeing

Answer 63

he outcomes of a positive body understanding image People with a positive body image have been shown to generally have a high level of physical and psychological health. They normally have high levels of self-esteem, and consequently feel good about themselves and are comfortable with how they look. As a result, they find it easier to cope with their daily life, and the unrealistic body images portrayed in the media have less impact on them. Research also shows that a positive body image will lead to a healthier, more balanced lifestyle, and healthier attitudes and practices around food and exercise. the problems associated with a poor body image. However, the development of a negative body image can be problematic. Body image problems often occur at stressful stages during the lifespan, especially during adolescence, but research shows that negative body image is more frequently becoming an issue during childhood. The desire to lose weight and make physical changes to the body

Answer 64

The 5:2 diet has become a very popular form of restrictive diet. People who follow this diet eat normally for five days of the week and restrict their food intake to no more than approximately 2500 kilojoules for the other two days. Followers can eat 2-3 very small meals on their fasting days. While there are restrictions on the types of foods that can be eaten, followers should try to eat healthy whole foods and avoid junk food.😃

Answer 65

On the other hand, although the 16:8 intermittent fasting diet is also another form of restrictive dieting, this method only allows the person to consume food for an eight-hour period each day. They fast, or avoid food, for the remaining 16 hours. Most people who follow the 16:8 diet refrain from food during the night and most of the morning, and then consume food between 12.00-8.00 p.m., for example. There are no restrictions to the types of food that can be eaten under a 16:8 restrictive diet, unlike the 5:2 diet.😃

Answer 66

Additionally, the keto (or ketogenic) diet is based on consuming foods that are high in fat but low in carbohydrates. This means most meals should consist of foods high in protein and fat, such as meat, fish, eggs, nuts and monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats and oils. This diet also limits the consumption of carbohydrate foods to no more than approximately a quarter of a cup per day. Carbohydrate foods that should be avoided on a keto diet include rice, pasta, breakfast cereal, most fruit, root vegetables, beans and legumes and most processed foods. This method focuses on restricting what one is eating, rather than when.

Answer 67

There is strong medical research to show that restrictive dieting can also have a significant impact on a person's emotional and psychological wellbeing. Some people develop emotional stress and may become anxious and depressed if their attempt to follow a restrictive diet is unsuccessful. Often, people who undertake a restrictive diet isolate themselves from friends and family because it is very difficult to catch up over a meal if they are severely limiting their food intake. As well as limiting their social interactions, some people may also avoid participating in sports they have enjoyed in the past, or limit their interactions at work. This emotional and psychological response to dieting can often lead to lower self-esteem, and as a result, the cycle may be perpetuated

Answer 68

Comfort eating refers to food consumption that is driven by the desire to make ourselves feel happy, rather than to satisfy hunger. We all have a range of emotions and sometimes our emotions can swing - we might feel happy and excited one day and unhappy, sad or frightened the next. Stress, loneliness, anger and boredom are all emotions we experience at times. Grief, for example, can be a very difficult emotion to manage. However, while most of us cope with our emotions without too much difficulty, some people turn to food and use it to numb their emotions in times of stress, thus comfort eating. It has been shown that comfort eating does not necessarily help overcome emotional issues, and can in fact make them worse. Often people who are comfort eaters do not resolve their original feelings of anxiety or stress, and are also left with additional feelings of guilt for overeating.

Answer 69

A food system is a complex series of activities and processes necessary to feed a large population. The food system enables food to move from farm to consumer and includes growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, manufacturing, consuming, disposing and recycling food. This is what is often described as the route from ‘farm to fork’.

Answer 70

The food that is grown by Australian farmers, pastoralists and fishers is some of the highest quality food produced across the globe. Consumers who purchase fresh produce to prepare and cook at home can make nutritious meals using fresh ingredients. This can have a positive health benefit, as these meals will generally be lower in fat, salt and sugar than similar commercially available, highly processed meals.

Answer 71

Although the consumption of a healthy diet is something that all Australians are encouraged to do , this is a challenge for many people, given the role multinational companies play within the food system. Food processing and manufacturing is a key feature of the current food system. Food manufacturers use new processing and packaging techniques to extend the shelf life of products and provide consumers with a wide range of food options throughout the year. Food processing and manufacturing companies, including transnational food and beverage companies, play a key role in producing and distributing food that is low cost, but this food has very little nutritional value.

Answer 72

The trend towards the purchase of pre-prepared and convenience meals is driven by a change in the working patterns of many Australians. Often, consumers find it easier to purchase takeaway food then take the time to shop and cook a healthy meal, which contains high amounts of saturated fat and sugar which can lead to weight gain. The main reason sugar is added to so many processed foods is to improve their flavour. But a high proportion of sugar also adds bulk to products and ensures that foods such as ice-cream have a light and airy texture. Consuming foods high in sugar is seen as a major health concern as it is linked to weight gain, which can result in the development of obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. Although foods such as sweet biscuits, drinks or sweets can be easily detected to have sugar, most sugar in processed foods is ‘hidden’, meaning consumers are often unaware that many of the staple breakfast foods and savoury products available are high in sugar. Examples of savoury foods that are high in hidden sugar include tomato sauce, frozen meals, processed meat, and canned soups.

Answer 73

Packaging food in large packages is another feature of the current food system that encourages overconsumption. Food manufacturers have increased the packaging size of many food items. The bigger the packaging, the more generous the serving. In a number of products, multiple servings are available in the one packet which makes it difficult for consumers to know how much food should be consumed. Often, manufacturers add extra food in a package or bar for the same price which encourages the consumer to purchase the product. However, this strategy consequently increases their kilojoule intake. Another factor that leads to the overconsumption of food is the portion size of food produced and sold in supermarkets, bakeries and cafes. Food portions have dramatically increased over the past few decades and, as the amount of food we eat has grown, so has the kilojoules consumed.

Answer 74

Food advertising, including ‘special buys’ and ‘2 for 1’ deals is a key technique used to encourage shoppers to purchase an item, even though it may not have been on their shopping list. This may be a health hazard for consumers for a number of reasons, including: Generating a sense of urgency among shoppers by making them think their favourite soft drink or sweet biscuit might only be available for a short time Unhealthy foods are frequently ‘on special’ as opposed to healthy food which have a lesser discount The constant consumption of unhealthy foods can lead to unwanted weight gain and associated healthy impacts including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer

Answer 75

One of the most significant changes to the current food system in recent decades has been the sharp rise in online grocery purchasing. The most online shopping accelerated during 2020 and 2021 as a result of COVID-19. The shift to online grocery purchasing was largely driven by younger, tech-savvy populations in urban cities who have high incomes. However, this move to online shopping encourages sedentary behaviour which means that individuals are not doing enough physical activity. Consumers can simply sit at their computer screen and order their weekly food supply without having to step outside the door. They are no longer gaining any incidental exercise by wandering the aisle of the supermarket; they simply select the food they want to decide on a delivery time or a pick-up location. This service appeals to customers who appreciate the convenience of being able to quickly collect their groceries on their drive home from work. Another health implication of online shopping is that it is very easy to purchase high-fat, high-sugar snacks with the click of a button. It is only when the groce

Answer 76

Food is a significant expense for Australian families. It is the second highest cost to the household budget after housing. The COVID-19 pandemic brought into focus the cost of food for many families who were faced with unemployment or a reduction in their work hours. Many families were forced to reduce the amount they spent on living expenses which includes the purchase of groceries. The cost of food in the supermarket is the same for everyone, but affordability will be very different, depending on income. The key concern with the current food system is that it may be difficult for people who have a limited budget to access healthy foods. The production of large volumes of cheaper foods with low nutritional value has become a mainstay in Australia’s food manufacturing industry. This includes foods such as frozen pizza, meat pies, ice-cream etc which are inexpensive to produce but generally include a larger amount of fats, salt and sugar.In comparison, the cost of fresh food, such as poultry is very expensive and often unavailable for people with limited incomes. This disparity causes people with low income to purchase nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods. The inequality in the cost of food is even greater in the rural and remote regions. Transporting food to retail centres is an essential feature of our food system; however, transport costs are expensive and this drives up the cost of food in rural areas. Another concern for people living in rural Australia is that it may not be financially viable for a supermarket to operate in a small community. As there are few supermarkets in rural areas, there is also a lack of competition leading to high prices for food, further limiting the amount of nutritious foods available to be purchased.

Answer 77

Just as the production of our food has changed over the past century, so too has our consumption. Australian consumers are fortunate enough to have access to a wide range of delicious, convenient and safe ingredients that are relatively cheap and accessible. However, a feature of our current food system is that more meals are now being eaten away from home than in past generations. There has been an increase in casual dining and takeaway food outlets so much so that consumers can purchase ready-to-eat snacks or meals at any time and in almost any location. This ranges from a 24-hour petrol station to a school canteen or even vending machines. Much of these foods are highly processed and often energy dense, and therefore high in kilojoules but poor nutritional quality.

Answer 78

In the past, it has been suggested that overeating and being overweight is the result of personal behaviour such as a lack of self-control. It is not recognised that environmental influences on food consumption, such as serving plate size have a major impact on overeating. A dinner plate in the 1950s was 25 centimetres in diameter, whereas the size of an average dinner plate has now grown to 30-40 centimetres. This increase is now considered a typical way to serve, present and eat food. Research from the university of Cambridge found that people were eating and drinking more when served with large tableware. If the portion sizes were reduced, energy consumption could be lowered by 16 per cent.

Answer 79

Food delivery apps have changed the way food is consumed in Australia, Almost every cafe and restaurant enables customers to purchase their favourite snacks or main meals at the click of a button. Food delivery apps such as Menulog, Ubereats, deliveroo and doordash have become popular with consumers who are able to select a variety of dishes from their favourite cuisines. A study from the University of Sydney and the University of Auckland in 2020 found that the most popular meals ordered using food delivery services were fast food chains. An analysis of the data shows that ‘more than 80 per cent of all the menu items were discretionary or “junk” foods’ which were categorised as discretionary. Other types of junk food include battered fish or chicken schnitzel, and sugary drinks. Some of the marketing strategies used by the food delivery services have also raised concern to health professionals. It has been found that food items that are high in fat, salt and sugar and low in fibre are twice as likely to be categorised under ‘most popular’ than healthy options. The use of food delivery apps also increases sedentary behaviour, as consumers simply have to open the front door to collect their food rather than going to pick it up from the restaurant. Sedentary behaviour can have serious effects on a person’s health and can be associated with the development of overweight or obesity, which can lead to type 2 diabetes, stroke or heart disease.

Answer 80

Many health professionals argue that there should be mandated legislation applying to the advertising of food products to children because it is clear that advertising has a negative impact on the foods being consumed by children and young people, encouraging them to choose high fat, salt and sugar products in preference to healthy foods such as fruit and vegetables. In Australia there is little regulation over the marketing of unhealthy food to children. The main codes that have been developed by the Food and Grocery Council and the Australian Association of National Advertisers (AANA). The only legislation that applies to advertising to children is the Children’s television Standards 2009. Many health organisations have called for stronger mandatory restrictions on the advertising of unhealthy food products to children. However, the federal government has no responded to these calls, and instead relies on the industry to self-regulate the advertising of unhealthy food products to children.

Answer 81

Food labelling, including the nutrition information panel and the Health Star Rating, is one of the key ways in which consumers can determine the ingredients and nutritional profile of the foods they purchase. The Health Star Rating system is a national, voluntary, front-of-pack system, developed by federal and state governments in collaboration with the food industry and public health and consumer groups. The system recently underwent a five-year review and the updated system was implemented in November 2020. Companies apply a rating system of between half a star and five stars to the front of their food product packets, giving shoppers a quick and easy method of comparing the nutritional profile of similar packaged products. Food industry groups were involved in the review of the health star rating system. While many consumer groups and health professionals urged the government review committee to make the system mandatory for all companies, representatives of the food manufacturing industry lobbied the government to keep the system voluntary. While the health star rating system remains voluntary, health professionals are concerned that food manufacturers are only likely to include the rating on products that are rated 4-5 stars, and are less likely to include it on those with lower ratings. A voluntary health star rating system can also be confusing for shoppers, who may question why some products have a star rating and others do not. This can make it difficult to make healthy food choices, impacting on consumers’ food sovereignty. The good news is that many food manufacturing companies including Kellogg’s, Sanitarium, Uncle Tobys and Four’N Twenty, have moved to include the Health Star rating on all of their products.

Answer 82

One strategy used by many countries to change consumer behaviour and improve health outcomes is the use of a taxation policy that increases the price of particular products.For example, a tax on cigarettes and on alcoholic drinks such as alcopops. Excessive consumption of sugary drinks is considered one of the main causes of overweight and obesity in Australia. In recent years more than 50 countries around the world have introduced a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). However, despite a Federal Government Senate Committee recommending the tax, it has not been legislated by the Australian Government. A tax on sugar-sweetened beverages is urgently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), along with the Australian Medical Association (AMA) and the Obesity evidence hub.

Answer 83

Evidence worldwide demonstrates a clear link between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and overweight and obesity, which can lead to chronic conditions including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer. Australian supermarkets had whole aisles lined with sugar-sweetened drinks, such as fruit juice, cordian and soft drinks. According to Jane Martin of the Obesity Policy Coalition, the average Australian who enjoys soft drinks regularly consumes over 14.6 kilograms of sugar each year.

Answer 84

THe latest data released in July 2020 by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare indicates that of all Australians aged 2-17, approximately 25 per cent were overweight or obese. Health professionals are concerned that many of these children and adolescents will carry this excess weight throughout their adult lives. It is also evidence that young children are now developing serious health conditions, including type 2 diabetes, as a consequence of being overweight or obese. I agree with the Australian Food and Grocery Council (AFGC) that there should not be a mandatory regulation of advertising unhealthy food products to children because there should not be mandatory restrictions made on the choices of food consumed. If particular families want to enforce the mandatory regulation, they’re able to take responsibility in ensuring their children are not consuming a large amount of unhealthy foods. But, that responsibility should not be placed in the hands of the government.

Answer 85

Over recent decades, consumers have demonstrated their increasing concern about the way food is grown and processed. Consumers, along with many primary food producers, have asserted their desire for food sovereignty by challenging the control large corporations have over the supply of food. Shoppers have used their purchasing power or food citizenship to make positive change in some sectors of the food supply chain, and as a result, there is now a greater emphasis on ensuring that food is produced ethically and that the environmental impacts of food production and food packaging are minimised.

Answer 86

food citizenship involves individuals participating in, and making informed choices about, issues such as sustainability, ethics or health, in any stage of the food system

Answer 87

food sovereignty challenges the control of the food system and food supply by large corporations, and returns the decision making to farmers and individuals who produce and consume food, in order to ensure it is produced ethically and sustainably

Answer 88

advergames video games that contain an advertisement to promote a particular brand, product or message by integrating and embedding it into the play

Answer 89

food system a complex series of activities that enables food to move from farm to consumer and includes growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, manufacturing, consuming, disposing and recycling food

(2) Australian Eating Patterns, Social + Emotional Roles of Food, and Media Flashcards

(115 cards)