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BIOL 240 > 2: Bacteria > Flashcards

2: Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Name for spherical shaped bacteria

A

Coccus

Cocci

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2
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria

A

Bacillus

Bacilli

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3
Q

Comma-shaped bacteria

A

Vibrio

Vibrios

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4
Q

Bacteria responsible for cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

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5
Q

Bacteria responsible for anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

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6
Q

Bacteria responsible for scarlet fever

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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7
Q

Bacteria responsible for syphillis

A

Treponema pallidum

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8
Q

Types of bacteria shapes

A 
Spherical
Rod
Comma
Spiral
Variable
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9
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria growing in branching filaments of cells

A

Hyphae

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10
Q

A clump of hyphae bacteria

A

Mycelia

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11
Q

Bacteria cells joined together in a smooth unbranded filament

A

Trichomes

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12
Q

Typical bacteria size

A

0.5-4 micrometers width

1-15 micrometers long

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13
Q

Typical eukaryotic cell size

A

10-200 microns

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14
Q

Lower limit on bacteria cell size

A

0.2 microns - volume required for genome, proteins and ribosomes

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15
Q

Typical virus size

A

10 nm (bacteria - 1000nm)

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16
Q

Epulopiscium fishelsoni

A 
Name = guests at a banquet of fish
Located in the gut of surgeon fish
Originally thought to be eukaryotic protests
700 microns in length
Makes 100s of copies of its genome
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17
Q

Thiomargarita namibiensis

A

0.5mm wide

Contains many copies of its genome

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18
Q

Benefit to being small

A

Higher surface:volume ratio = easier to inhibit low nutrient environments

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19
Q

DNA containing region of bacteria

A

Nucleoid

20
Q

DNA compression in bacteria

A

1 - coating the backbone with cations (magnesium, potassium, sodium) to neutralize the backbone and enable DNA to be packed together
2 - molecular glue made of small positively charged proteins that interact with the phosphate backbone
3 - topoisomerase enzyme compresses DNA by nicking the DNA strand, twisting it and winding it tighter then reattaching (super coiling)

21
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

Sulphur globules- insoluble elemental sulphur is a source of electrons for further oxidation for energy production

Carbon storage = starch or polyhydroxybutyrate, a form of bio plastic

22
Q

Gas compartment

A

Microcompartment

Buoyancy control in aquatic environments

23
Q

Carboxysomes

A

Location of carbon fixation reactions
Use ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) - takes carbon dioxide and turns it into organic carbon during the dark reactions of photosynthesis

24
Q

Magnetosomes

A

Associate with a very small subset of bacteria
Chains of magnetite
Acts as a compass for the organism

25
Q

Purpose of cytoskeleton

A

Keep everything in the right place
Define the shape of the cell
Assist with basic operations like division

26
Q

MreB

A

Controls the overall shape of the cell

In its absence, cells are coccoid

27
Q

FtsZ Protein

A

Forms a band in the middle of an elongating cell for division

28
Q

Par proteins

A

Division of cytoskeleton component of cell
ParM = binds to ATP to separate plasmids
ParR = bind to plasmid and ParM lament

29
Q

Aquaporins

A

Peter agre and Roderick MacKinnon
Protein channels
Osmosis of water down its gradient

30
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Protein in cytoplasmic membrane allowing substrate or solute to pass down its concentration gradient
Does not require ATP
I.e. aquaporin

31
Q

Co-Transport

Symport vs Anti-port

A

Symport: Solute lower in concentration outside the cell uses the diffusion of another product in high concentration outside the cell to come in
Antiport: substance at high concentration inside the cell used to import a substance at low concentration out of the cell

32
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses ATP
Sending out a protein to bind to a solute that’s in low concentration outside of the cell
Proteins such as siderophores to bind to iron p

33
Q

Where are D-isomers of amino acids found?

A

Peptidoglycan layer

34
Q

Where is DAP found

A

Diaminopimelic acid is an amino acid found in the peptide cross links within e. Coli

35
Q

Peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) vs plasma membrane

A

Freely passing through cell wall vs permeability layer

36
Q

Transglycosylation

A

Enzymatic reaction attaching NAG to NAM

37
Q

Transpeptidation

A

Covalently attaching one peptide chain to a neighbouring peptide chain, losing one amino acid in the process (5 to 4)

38
Q

Funcriok of FtsI

A

Catalyzed the transpeptidation reaction for cross linking the peptide chain1

39
Q

Function of penicillin

A

Binds to FtsI to prevent transpeptidation from occurring

40
Q

Function of lysozyme

A

Attacks beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds (backbone of the peptidoglycan)
Hydrolyzing the bond between NAG and NAM

41
Q

Function of lysostaphin

A

Cleaves the glycine interbridge found in the peptidoglycan layer of staphylococcus aureus

42
Q

Bacterial defence for lactam antibiotics (inhibiting TtsI)

A

Beta-lactamase : cleaves the bing within the beta-lactam ring and destroys the antibiotic
Outsmarted by adding clavulanic acid by interfering with the beta-lactamase to allow the lactam antibiotics to work

43
Q

Single flagellum

A

Monotichous

44
Q

One flagellum on each side

A

Ampitrichous

45
Q

Tuft of flagellum coming out of one end

A

Lophottichous

46
Q

Surrounded by flagellum all around

A

Peritrichous

BIOL 240 (3 decks)

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