2: Bacteria

Question 1

Name for spherical shaped bacteria

Answer 1

Coccus

Cocci

Question 2

Rod-shaped bacteria

Answer 2

Bacillus

Bacilli

Question 3

Comma-shaped bacteria

Answer 3

Vibrio

Vibrios

Question 4

Bacteria responsible for cholera

Answer 4

Vibrio cholerae

Question 5

Bacteria responsible for anthrax

Answer 5

Bacillus anthracis

Question 6

Bacteria responsible for scarlet fever

Answer 6

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 7

Bacteria responsible for syphillis

Answer 7

Treponema pallidum

Question 8

Types of bacteria shapes

Answer 8

Spherical
Rod
Comma
Spiral
Variable

Question 9

Rod-shaped bacteria growing in branching filaments of cells

Answer 9

Hyphae

Question 10

A clump of hyphae bacteria

Answer 10

Mycelia

Question 11

Bacteria cells joined together in a smooth unbranded filament

Answer 11

Trichomes

Question 12

Typical bacteria size

Answer 12

0.5-4 micrometers width

1-15 micrometers long

Question 13

Typical eukaryotic cell size

Answer 13

10-200 microns

Question 14

Lower limit on bacteria cell size

Answer 14

0.2 microns - volume required for genome, proteins and ribosomes

Question 15

Typical virus size

Answer 15

10 nm (bacteria - 1000nm)

Question 16

Epulopiscium fishelsoni

Answer 16

Name = guests at a banquet of fish
Located in the gut of surgeon fish
Originally thought to be eukaryotic protests
700 microns in length
Makes 100s of copies of its genome

Question 17

Thiomargarita namibiensis

Answer 17

0.5mm wide

Contains many copies of its genome

Question 18

Benefit to being small

Answer 18

Higher surface:volume ratio = easier to inhibit low nutrient environments

Question 19

DNA containing region of bacteria

Answer 19

Nucleoid

Question 20

DNA compression in bacteria

Answer 20

1 - coating the backbone with cations (magnesium, potassium, sodium) to neutralize the backbone and enable DNA to be packed together
2 - molecular glue made of small positively charged proteins that interact with the phosphate backbone
3 - topoisomerase enzyme compresses DNA by nicking the DNA strand, twisting it and winding it tighter then reattaching (super coiling)

Question 21

Inclusion bodies

Answer 21

Sulphur globules- insoluble elemental sulphur is a source of electrons for further oxidation for energy production

Carbon storage = starch or polyhydroxybutyrate, a form of bio plastic

Question 22

Gas compartment

Answer 22

Microcompartment

Buoyancy control in aquatic environments

Question 23

Carboxysomes

Answer 23

Location of carbon fixation reactions
Use ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) - takes carbon dioxide and turns it into organic carbon during the dark reactions of photosynthesis

Question 24

Magnetosomes

Answer 24

Associate with a very small subset of bacteria
Chains of magnetite
Acts as a compass for the organism

Question 25

Purpose of cytoskeleton

Answer 25

Keep everything in the right place Define the shape of the cell Assist with basic operations like division

Question 26

MreB

Answer 26

Controls the overall shape of the cell | In its absence, cells are coccoid

Question 27

FtsZ Protein

Answer 27

Forms a band in the middle of an elongating cell for division

Question 28

Par proteins

Answer 28

Division of cytoskeleton component of cell ParM = binds to ATP to separate plasmids ParR = bind to plasmid and ParM lament

Question 29

Aquaporins

Answer 29

Peter agre and Roderick MacKinnon Protein channels Osmosis of water down its gradient

Question 30

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 30

Protein in cytoplasmic membrane allowing substrate or solute to pass down its concentration gradient Does not require ATP I.e. aquaporin

Question 31

Co-Transport | Symport vs Anti-port

Answer 31

Symport: Solute lower in concentration outside the cell uses the diffusion of another product in high concentration outside the cell to come in Antiport: substance at high concentration inside the cell used to import a substance at low concentration out of the cell

Question 32

Active Transport

Answer 32

Uses ATP Sending out a protein to bind to a solute that's in low concentration outside of the cell Proteins such as siderophores to bind to iron p

Question 33

Where are D-isomers of amino acids found?

Answer 33

Peptidoglycan layer

Question 34

Where is DAP found

Answer 34

Diaminopimelic acid is an amino acid found in the peptide cross links within e. Coli

Question 35

Peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) vs plasma membrane

Answer 35

Freely passing through cell wall vs permeability layer

Question 36

Transglycosylation

Answer 36

Enzymatic reaction attaching NAG to NAM

Question 37

Transpeptidation

Answer 37

Covalently attaching one peptide chain to a neighbouring peptide chain, losing one amino acid in the process (5 to 4)

Question 38

Funcriok of FtsI

Answer 38

Catalyzed the transpeptidation reaction for cross linking the peptide chain1

Question 39

Function of penicillin

Answer 39

Binds to FtsI to prevent transpeptidation from occurring

Question 40

Function of lysozyme

Answer 40

Attacks beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds (backbone of the peptidoglycan) Hydrolyzing the bond between NAG and NAM

Question 41

Function of lysostaphin

Answer 41

Cleaves the glycine interbridge found in the peptidoglycan layer of staphylococcus aureus

Question 42

Bacterial defence for lactam antibiotics (inhibiting TtsI)

Answer 42

Beta-lactamase : cleaves the bing within the beta-lactam ring and destroys the antibiotic Outsmarted by adding clavulanic acid by interfering with the beta-lactamase to allow the lactam antibiotics to work

Question 43

Single flagellum

Answer 43

Monotichous

Question 44

One flagellum on each side

Answer 44

Ampitrichous

Question 45

Tuft of flagellum coming out of one end

Answer 45

Lophottichous

Question 46

Surrounded by flagellum all around

Answer 46

Peritrichous