2. Biochemistry

Question 1

Alpha helices and beta sheets are connected to their respective strands through which type of bonds?

Answer 1

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 2

What type of bond connects the amino acids of the PRIMARY structure of proteins?

Answer 2

Covalent Bonds

Question 3

Which bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another where both atoms have DIFFERENT electronegativities?

Answer 3

Ionic Bonds

Question 4

Which bonds involve electrons that are shared between atoms of SIMILAR electronegativities?

Answer 4

Covalent Bonds

Question 5

Covalent bonds can be further identified into two sub-categories. What are they?

Answer 5

1. Nonpolar
2. Polar

Question 6

Which bonds involve EQUAL sharing of electrons between two atoms of SIMILAR electronegativities?

Answer 6

Nonpolar Bonds

Question 7

Which bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms of DIFFERENT electronegativities?

Answer 7

Polar Bonds

Question 8

Which bonds are involved in weak interaction between a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom, and a highly charged atom on another molecule (F, O, or N)?

Answer 8

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 9

The combination of the attraction between water molecules and the surface of vessels allows for the movement of water from the roots to the leaves against gravity. What best explains this phenomenon?

Answer 9

Capillary Action

Question 10

Capillary action of water is related to both ___ and ___.

Answer 10

Cohesion; Adhesion

Question 11

Example of a monosaccharide

Answer 11

Glucose and Fructose

Question 12

What kind of linkage is used to link carbohydrates to each other?

Answer 12

Glycosidic Linkage

Question 13

Example of a disaccharide

Answer 13

Sucrose and Lactose

• Super Growing Frogs (Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose)
• Leave Gardens Glowing (Lactose = Galactose + Glucose)

Question 14

What reaction occurs to create a polymer from monomers?

Answer 14

Dehydration Synthesis

Question 15

Which carbohydrates is used by PLANTS to store energy?

Answer 15

Starch

Question 16

Both starch and glycogen are made up of (Alpha/Beta) subunits

Answer 16

Alpha Glucose Molecules

Question 17

The structural integrity of PLANTS is supported by which polysaccharide?

Answer 17

Cellulose

Question 18

What is stored in the HUMAN liver and used as an energy source?

Answer 18

Glycogen

Question 19

Starch in plants is analogous to ___ in animal cells.

Answer 19

Glycogen

Question 20

Chitin in insect exoskeleton is analogous to ___ in plant cells.

Answer 20

Cellulose

Question 21

Both cellulose and chitin are made up of (Alpha/Beta) subunits

Answer 21

Beta Glucose Molecules

Question 22

Saturated triglycerides: Stacked OR Unstacked?

Answer 22

Stacked

Question 23

Unsaturated triglycerides: Stacked OR Unstacked?

Answer 23

Unstacked

Question 24

A saturated compound has (Single/Double) bond(s)?

Answer 24

Single

Question 25

Which bonds are stackable (Single/Double)?

Answer 25

Single

Question 26

Steroids are made up of what kind(s) of rings?

Answer 26

- Three 6-membered rings - One 5-membered ring

Question 27

Cholesterol is considered to be what kind of lipid?

Answer 27

Steroid

Question 28

Which components make up the amphipathic property of phospholipids?

Answer 28

- Polar phosphate head - Nonpolar hydrocarbon tail

Question 29

What is incorporated into the cell membrane to prevent rigidity?

Answer 29

Cholesterol

Question 30

In addition to cholesterol, what is added to the membrane at COLD temperatures? HINT: (Saturated/Unsaturated fatty acids)

Answer 30

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 31

In addition to cholesterol, what is added to the membrane at WARM temperatures? HINT: (Saturated/Unsaturated fatty acids)

Answer 31

Saturated fatty acids

Question 32

Non-protein molecules that assist enzymes

Answer 32

Cofactors

Question 33

What are organic cofactors called?

Answer 33

Coenzyme (Vitamins)

Question 34

What are inorganic cofactors called?

Answer 34

Metal ions

Question 35

A cofactor that is covalently bound to an enzyme is called a ___ group

Answer 35

Prosthetic

Question 36

Which protein structure is described: Hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids

Answer 36

Secondary

Question 37

Which protein structure is described: Non-covalent interactions between R groups of amino acids

Answer 37

Tertiary

Question 38

Which DNA base pair requires the most energy to break?

Answer 38

Guanine-Cytosine - 3 Hydrogen Bonds

Question 39

DNA base pair that couple via 2 Hydrogen bonds?

Answer 39

Adenine-Thymine

Question 40

Term used to describe when a protein is reversed back to its primary structure

Answer 40

Protein Denaturation

Question 41

Term used to describe the elimination of all protein structure

Answer 41

Protein Digestion

Question 42

What about a protein determines its function?

Answer 42

Structure

Question 43

Receptors that line the cell surface

Answer 43

Membrane Proteins

Question 44

How many ring(s) do purines have?

Answer 44

2 Rings

Question 45

How many ring(s) do pyrimidines have?

Answer 45

1 Ring

Question 46

Main (structural) difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?

Answer 46

Nucleotides have a phosphate group, nucleosides do NOT

Question 47

Term used to describe a group of anabolic and catabolic reactions that produce energy

Answer 47

Metabolism

Question 48

The breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones

Answer 48

Catabolism

Question 49

What does a low Km value indicate about binding affinity?

Answer 49

High Binding Affinity

Question 50

Variable that reflects the maximal velocity of an enzyme

Answer 50

Vmax

Question 51

What kind of inhibition is reflected in this condition: A substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme competing with the substrate for the same binding site - What happens to Km/Vmax?

Answer 51

Competitive Inhibition - Km: Increases - Vmax: Unchanged

Question 52

What kind of inhibition is reflected in this condition: A substance that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, altering enzyme function without competing with the substrate - What happens to Km/Vmax?

Answer 52

Non-Competitive Inhibition -Km: Unchanged -Vmax: Decreases

Question 53

What kind of inhibition is reflected in this condition: Binds to a regulatory site (not the active site) on an enzyme, causing a conformational change that affects enzyme function - What happens to Km/Vmax?

Answer 53

Allosteric Inhibition - Variable effects on Km/Vmax: Can mimic competitive or non-competitive inhibition