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Physics > 2. Biological signals & measurements > Flashcards

2. Biological signals & measurements Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Plasma osmolarity formula
what is it & define
Normal rang

A

2(Na+K) + Gluc + Urea
Measure solute concentration, numbe osmole solute/ L solution
285-295
ffected by temperature and pressur

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2
Q

Osmolality

A

Measure cocentration per Kg

independent of temperature and pressure

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3
Q

Osmolar gap

A

Measured serum osmolaLity − calculated osmolaRity

Raised
excess alcohols, lipids and proteins in blood.

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4
Q

Osmometers use

A

Colligative properties - depression freezing point / vapour pressure

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5
Q

Anion Gap calculation

A

(Na + K) - (Cl + bic)

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6
Q

Causes High AG

A

Ketoacid overproduction (diabetes, alcohol, starvation)

Lactic acid overproduction

Inability to excrete acids (sulfate and phosphate) secondary to acute kidney injury

Poisoning with salicylates, ethylene glycol, methanol, paraldehyde and propyl alcohol.

Dehydration

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7
Q

ECG
Standard speed & corresponds

standard calibration

PR

Q

QT

S-T

during the isoelectric phase between the S and T waves, the intracellular potential in ventricular muscle cells is

A

25mm/sec
1mm correspond 0.04s

0.1mV = 1mm

.12-.2s P wave to the start of the QRS complex

0.12 seconds.

The Q-T interval is measured from the start of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave.
It approximates to the ventricular refractory period and is normally 0.42 seconds.

S-T segment is measured from the end of the QRS complex to the start of the T wave.

Positive w/ regards to interstitial

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8
Q

Higher frequency response limit in ECG

A 
Low  pass - high freq filter set 40 /100/150hz
accurate assess 
ST
QRS morph
Tacht
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9
Q

High pass filter

A

Low freq - set 0.05Hz
Low limit
Improves assess P T ST segmend

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10
Q

ecg electrodes

how is there accuracy reduced

inproved

A

signal arrives = current

cause chem change surface - inaccuracies second altered impedance

inaccuracy resting skin - impedence vartion - moisture
potential generation

Inaccuracy reduced - silver electrode contact cl ion in gel solution

large electrode surface area reduces inaccuracy

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11
Q

highest acoustic impedance between

A

boundary fat and bone

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12
Q

whats acoustic impedance

A

resistance to US beam occur tissue

spread sound wave density tissue

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13
Q

Electrical potential gen

Pacemaker - pulse duration

A

1ms deliver potent 4v

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14
Q

Nerve stimulator where are electrodes

A

neg electrode - over nerve

pos electrode more proximal

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15
Q

Dose of Nerve stimulator

A

60mA - nerve stim - supra-max stim (10% > threshold)

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16
Q

DBS

A

Two burst sep .75s

each burst - three .2ms stimuli - sep 20ms (50hz)

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17
Q

TOF

A

4 square wave lasting .2ms

rate 2hz

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18
Q

advantage of low frequency filter

A

low frequency = high pass filter
signal above threshold allowed pass

set .5hz

stable baseline reducin resp and body movement artefacts

also enhance rep p and t wave morphology - allow anal st seg

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19
Q

Greatest attenuation difference

Study These Flashcards
A

water .0002

lung 40

20
Q

1mmHg = how many cm h2o

21
Q

1cm h2o = how many mmhg

22
Q

Oscilloscope -

what useful for

Cathode ray tube

Study These Flashcards
A

Useful for high freq signal

Can be used to monitor ABP from transducer

may be used to plot flow volume loops

has an advantage over the galvanometer - negligible inertia

electron beam from hot cathode

23
Q

Phase of a sine wave

Study These Flashcards
A

refers to different angles wave cross lines

describe degrees

24
Q

Large amplitude light

Study These Flashcards
A

= bright light

25
Hertz is unit for
cycle per second | derive si frequncy
26
Wavelength sine wave
distance between two corresponding point in cycles
27
amplitude of wave
Distance horizontal line to peak of wave
28
Bandwith of an amplifier
Range frequency - constant enables rejection of some interference ra
29
Differential amplifer gain amplifeier
Work Common mode rejection only difference in signal recorded not signal common both 1 used eeg gain amplifer measure on log scale it is - ratio output voltage to input volt measure bel
30
TEG normal
R 20-30 (reaction time) start test fibrin form K time 8-15mm clot kinietc begin clot until apmlit reach 20mm A 30-47 angle = Line r value + 1 K MA 50-60- agreatest amplitude measure clot stenth Clot lysis index - amplit 30m % MA
31
TEG hypofibr
R low normal K high MA - low A angle low
32
Poor plt fxn
R low K low MA low A angle low near normla
33
Basic blood gas analsyer
Clark electrode + Severnighaus + pH Clark - Oxygen tension
34
What does fuel cell measure
oxygen tension on anaes machine
35
Normal qt interval
.35-.43s
36
Lead 1 2 3
1 right => left arm 2 right arm => left leg 3 Left arm => left leg
37
Second heart sound heard where what else happens at this wave
end of t wave aortic pressure highest immed before t wave
38
If poorly compliant aline | aline
high systolic | low diastolic
39
if overcompliant
damped sb= under diastolic overread
40
ph 7.6 H ion
<30 aprox 13000 mmol h ion made day
41
Cathode clark ph electrode ref
clarke plat ref mercury
42
Drift occurs what are the types
whne over a period displayed value differes from true value offset drfit occurs - dispayed value varies constant from true value correct singe point calib gradient - varies true diff amt at dif times less rapidly but 2 point calibration required
43
What uses EEG
BIS Auditory evoked potential Compressed spectral array
44
EEG waves
range 1-100uv 4 waves a- normal parieto occip at rest depressesd GA B frontal decrease with age highest freq (d y a B) low to high Delta - children + sleep Y sometimes abnormal
45
Ultrasound dopler effect sound move closer velocity wavelegnth pitch can we hear us
Sound move towards observer - velocity unchanged - wavelength and freq vary inverseley wavelength decreases, frequency increase sound higher pitched US - very high freq low singal wave too high for human ear

Physics (11 decks)

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