2- Biology In Psychology Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Daily stressors
A
Everyday situations- drain us of mental health and opportunities to ignite positivity
2
Q
Coping strategies
A
Susan folk man Richard Lazarus two groups:
Emotion-focused coping skills
problem focused-
3
Q
Exam anxiety
A
Manifest. Brain puzzle/ deception. Has to be closely associated to it tho (“a good lie mixes in a bit of the truth”)
* get rid of the logical part of you or Brian that knows its final exam day and super imp? Like only way you could not have this on your mind is if you go on shrooms or something
4
Q
Gratitude
A
alters our psyche.
Conjures up those thoughts always being pushed back to the back of our brains and gives us new perspectives that trigger all kinds of neurotransmitters and neural activity-> lots of good neural activity brings more appreciation/ strength in those good moments
5
Q
Fraternal twins (Dizygotic)
A
Dizygotic- 2 SEPARATELY fertilized eggs, so REGULAR SIBLING genetic comparisons
6
Q
Identical twins (Monozygotic)
A
Monozygotic= ONE zygote (fertilized egg) dividing into TWO
7
Q
Twins (NVN)
A
They defy the nurture argument because they will be the same (nature) social person as the other despite different social circumstances.
BUTTT 2 randomly picked ppl of same AGE are bound to have similar traits and habits
8
Q
Nervous system
A
Billions of cells in brain and body enable our think feel do
Basic functions :
1- receives sensory input (hear, see, smell, touch, taste) (PNS)
2- processes info in brain (focus, perceive, then remember it) (CNS)
3- acts on info (CNS)
We control, but it controls too
Neuron release neurotransmitters with electrochemical signals
9
Q
Peripheral NS (PNS)
A
Nerve cells OUTSIDE brain and spinal cord (skin, muscle, organs, glands)
Gather the news report for the CNS and waits for instructions on next action
Has automatic and somatic NS
10
Q
Central NS (CNS)
A
Nerve cells INSIDE brain and spinal cord
Gets news report and COMMANDS action, feeling, thought
11
Q
Neurons/ nueral communication
A
Nerve cells that receive integrate info in NS.
communicate with LOTS of neurons
never randomly, only SELECTIVely- then from here, they FORM networks
Networks create complexity in your thoughts and behavior
Permanent functional connections in groups of neurons- where they now perform efficiently and in turn you do too (with maturation)
Selectiev process happens with BRAND NEW experiences (even if new, some will alr be strengthened so factors of staying- new and exciting) so it happened most at baby ages, but nowadays the networks are already formed and they are buddies for every emotion i go through
12
Q
Dendrites
A
Short extension fo cell body
TRANSMIT and RECEIVE signals from close neurons (either inhibitory or excitatory chemicals from other neurons)
13
Q
Cell body
A
Signals collected and combined (integrated) (from dendrites) here
14
Q
Axon
A
Once incoming info is combined in cell body, electircal impulses are sent along AXONS (very long)
KW: electrical impulses
15
Q
nerve
A
Bundle of AXONS ( so is axon)
Is messenger
16
Q
Terminal buttons
A
At end of axons where the info is dropped off (terminal) to next nerve/ dendrite (into synaptic cleft first)
AKW: action potential causes release fo chemicals to communicate to other neurons
17
Q
Synapse
A
Literally the open gap between neurons- communicate by RELEASING hopping chemicals at terminal buttons (NEUROTRANSMITTERS)
18
Q
Autonomic NS (involuntary)
A
LITERALLY a part of PNS, but these nerves within it, specialize in FIXED communications/ reactions
Automatically Sends and receives signals to and from GLANDS and INTERNAL ORGANS
Nerves carry signals to CNS
MS: These give info about anxiety and fullness of tummy
Blood pressure, digestion, and respiration (out of our control)
Emotional (sweat glands)
19
Q
Somatic NS
A
Sends and receives signals to and from SKIN, MUSCLES, and JOINTS
All messengers (peripheral)
Voluntary movements (tickling)
Receptors in skin send to brain to adjust how much muscle pressure to use with motor activities (set pattern in place- hippocampus)
20
Q
Parasympathetic NS (Peripheral- autonomic)
A
Balances/ soothes PERIPHERAL NS/our whole body after sympathetic episode (to smallest degree)
Give signals from CNS to the organs and glands, then back again (autonomic system)
Works in pattern to always set in after sympathetic
* what if you’re just too panicked? Is it programmed to always kick in? Or is this where your cognition/ psyche kicks in to trip everything up?- NO
Chronic arousal is bad for heart
21
Q
Brocas left hemisphere
A
Person with lesion in Broca’s area has difficulty SPEAKING
Broca’s area: small section on LEFT hemisphere specializing in language (they can still understand it- Tommy’s language)
KW: Proved that brain sections have specialized functions (lateralization)
22
Q
Glands
A
Organ that secretes chemical substances for use in the body
23
Q
Sympathetic
A
Control inputs in organs, automatically
SETS you (body) in a state of PANIC - Reactions to any degree tho
If not calmed by parasympathetic-> chronic arousal (psychological factors)
What exactly separates this biology from our psyche (what induces the overtaking of psyche on biology- chemical?)
24
Q
Endocrine system (autonomic/ sympathetic)
A
Communication network between itself and brain to change mental activity and behavior (psychological)
Control release of hormones
PNS works closely with this _ it gives you energy and awareness to escape SOCIAL SITUATIONS (sweat glands and adrenaline- AUTONOMIC)
EX: prepares you to deal with threats sent from NS report
However, endocrine slow communication-> releasing chemicals from glands (THINK early periods)
MS: Its glands release hormones into bloodstream (pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid, and ovaries/testes)
Take long (_bloodstream) to arrive at target tissues and affect your psyche/behavior
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Gonads (sexual development)
Endocrine glands at play- gonads (sex glands fro reproduction- ovaries and testes)
We all make both types of hormones in gonads, but more aligning with each sex
Give secondary sex characteristics
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Growth hormone
Growth hormone grows bone, cartilage, and muscle tissue
Taking it for fun will do more harm than good
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Pituitary gland
Controls release of most hormones
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Thyroid
Controls metabolism in body
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Adrenal
Stress responses
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Pineal
Controls bodily rhythms
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3 phases of neural communication
1. Transmission
2. Reception
3. Integration
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Transmission (neural communication)
Starts off ANY communication (action potential) with enough stimulation in PREsynaptic/FIRST neuron (electrical signals in cell body)
Action potential travels axon -> action potential also creates NEUROTRANSMITTERS released from terminal buttons into synapse
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Reception phase (neural communication)
dendrites of other neurons (POSTsynaptic) receive signals
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Integration phase (neural communication)
neurons assess and combine signals (inhibitory/ excitatory effects on this new neuron) -> signals then move to other neurons + repeat (depending on inhibitory or excitatory)
35
Membrane (electrical property of neuron)
Covers neuron from outside environment
Think layer that can be passed through (electrically charged chemicals called IONS)
EX: potassium and sodium travel freely throughout (basically neurons communicating- so it also regulates neurons electrical activity)
36
Neuron resting state
Electrical charges INSIDE neuron are more negative than electrical charge outside
This is _ BALANCE of various ions inside AND outside of it (more potassium than potassium OUTSIDE)
Stimulation-> AS positively charged sodium ions moves in-> neuron more positively charged —more—> action potential
Then whole axon biz
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During action potential/ refractory period
AT PEAK- Sodium ions enter, potassium ions leave
AFTER PEAK- sodium stops, potassium stops leaving THEN sodium leaves, potassium enters to ignite RESTING state again (refractory period)
REFRACTORY PERIOD- neuron responds less to incoming stimulation and action potential
* if neurons are firing all the time than how can they get even a millisecond of a break?
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Myelin sheath
Fatty layer on AXON makes neural communication really quick making our consciousness smooth
If neurons lose this- action potential SLOWS as it moves down towards terminal buttons (disrupts ability to process, move)
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Action potential pressure
The pressure of action potential never fluctuates, ONLY sends out at faster (consistent strength) rate when reacting to something urgent (bright light on eyes)
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How Synapse work (receptors and overstim)
Neurotransmitters spread across synapse + bind with receiving dendrites (postsynaptic neuron)
BUT ON the dendrites-> RECEPTORS: structures that respond to certain types of neurotransmitters (ONE per receptor)
Once SIGNAL is PASSED-> neurotransmitters quickly release back into the synapse, then bind with postsynaptic receptors AGAIIN
To stop overstimming-> neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by first neuron (reuptake process) or destroyed by enzymes (chemicals made for destroying) in synapse (enzyme degradation process)
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Excitatory signals + what postsynaptic neuron does
Context: neurotransmitters and RECEPTORS on postsynaptic neuron (reception phase) will produce EXCITATORY signal
POSTsynaptic neuron INTEGRATES it: If this new signal is one of multiple others like it in there, action potential is likely
Then fires action potential in a cycle
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Inhibitory signals
Context: neurotransmitters and receptors on postsynaptic neuron (reception phase) will combine and produce INHIBITORY signal.
POSTsynaptic neuron INTEGRATES it: If this new signal is one of multiple others like it in there, resting state is likely
Then resting state
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Forebrain
Main areas:
1. Cerebral cortex
2. Subcortical structures (several)- under cortex, all under limbic system
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Cerebral cortex
Its the wrinkly layer of tissue atop the forebrain (surface)
Thoughts and planning
Source of our very being/ consciousness
Two halves: left and right hemisphere connected by corpus callosum (has millions of axon for communication between hemis.s)
Each hemis (wrinkle lobes) four lobes-> occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal
45
Subcortical structures
Under the cortex- forebrain
Thalamus, hippocampus(temporal), Amygdala (temporal) hypothalamus
LIMBIC system: survival and cerebral cortex: parts allowing our deep thoughts
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Limbic system
Is a part of the separation of the FOREBRAIN between regulatory survival aspects (itself) and deeper thoughts (cerebral cortex)
(Isn’t the separator but its the Subcortical part beneath the cortical part)
Controls motivated behaviors (meet goal)
Subcortical structures of forebrain (hypothalamus)
EX: eating and drinking
Also controlling emotions and making memories
Not endocrine because they are two different SYSTEMS
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Thalamus
SENSORY gateway TO cortex (organizes and relays info)
Smell- direct route from nerves in nose to cortex (bypasses thalamus)
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Hypothalamus
Regulatory survival structure, BALANCING temperature, hunger, sleepiness
BELOW thalamus
EX: drinking eating aggression and sex
49
Hippocampus
Temporal lobe ,forebrain
Creates neural connections (new memories) WITHIN cortex for each NEW experience
Doesn’t STORE new memories, permanent ones go to parts of cortex
Navigate new environments (remember locations of places and objects) it GROWS/changes with experiences to help memory for locations
50
Amygdala
!!!In front of hippocampus
Processes emotional significance of stimuli around you (especially fear and threats)
Anxious ppl always activating it (fight or flight)
Increases memory processing during emotional arousal (learning something the hard way)
Creates a lot of TRAUMA when the memory is hyper fixated on and exacerbated from what the experience in itself, actually was.
*is that the amygdala’s doing?
51
EEG (electroencephalograph)
Device that records brains electrical activity (neurons firing)
Shows different and predictable patterns according to behavioral states (sleeping, reading)
52
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Imaging method to measure changes in blood’s oxygen level (INDIRECTLY links to brains blood flow which shows the INTENSITY of activation within it during that task)
Flow varies when doing diff tasks
KW: patterns
Correlational method (see TMS)
53
Brain circuitry (connectivity)
All brain regions work together during your psychological activity (think, feel, do)
But which regions are NECESSARY for specific psychological functions
* if they work together, why are they separated? Is it because they are meant to be singled out? Is it possible to only use one part of brain, without using another to produce thoughts/ functions?
KW: brain imaging research
CORRELATIONAL (see TMS)
54
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Experimental method to associate change in brain region to performing a task
Method: IV- made area not work DV- performances of task based on working or not-ness of manipulated area
Action: fast and strong magnetic field makes area not work
Limitations: only areas near scalp (but adding imaging helps)
55
Forebrain
Back side (top layer)
cerebrum (frontal lobes- occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal) , thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, limbic system, and the olfactory bulb (limbic system)
Connects hormonal and NS- Motivation, emotion, complex thought
56
Midbrain/ substantia nigra
Under forebrain, top of brain stem
Movement
Several structures in eyes and eras (auditory and visual processing)
Substantia nigra: gives us dopamine IO2 initiate VOLUNTARY movements (Parkinson’s disease- death of substantia nigra cells)
* Above pons
57
Hindbrain
Survival functions, movement (ig midbrain does movement too)
Spinal cord at base of neck is hindbrain
Main structures that each station their neuron communication centers at points that will help us survive :
1. Medulla
2. Pons
3. Cerebellum
Injury here will HINDER ability to survive!
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Spinal cord
Coordinates reflexes
Every messenger runs through with latest news (brain) and orders (area called to attention)
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Medulla
Basic survival
Heart rate, urination, breathing, swallowing, vomiting
Similar to: limbic,
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Pons (hindbrain- stem)
Sleep, arousal, coordinating movements between left and right sides of body
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Cerebellum (little brain)
Motor function (learning and memory)
Organizes cognitive and emotional processes with same efficiency as for motor processes (remembering events, using language, experiencing emotion)
* hippocampus?
Damage taken here-> very bottom: head tilt and balance, ridge up the back: walking, lobes on either side: coordination in limbs
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Dopamine (neurotransmitter)
Neurotransmitter that motivates behaviro and CONTROLS “normal” motor function (talk and walk with pep as opposed to really sluggish)
Parkinson’s is severe sluggish and no motivation (no dopamine-producing neurons)
* connection to Adrenaline?/ norepinephrine
* so where do we separate dopamine from just our emotions of our psyche?
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Occipital lobes
Back of head (midbrain)
Vision/ visual areas -> PRIMARY visual cortex (processor of visual info. Accompanied by secondary visual areas for more specific qualities of vision)
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Hemispheres (cerebral cortex + including lobes) (FOREBRAIN)
left and right hemisphere connected by corpus callosum (has millions of axon for communication between hemis.s)
MOST cognitive processes(nerve signals) NEED to share efforts from BOTH (so one doesn’t dominate your thinking process over the other) (corpus callosum) ( that one theory about them all working together)
EACH hemis: four lobes-> occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal
KW: lateralization, contralateral control,
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Parietal lobes (contralateral control)
Touch
Divided between both hemi.s -> right hemi gets touch info from left and VV
THEN sent to somatosensory cortex-> strip of brain matter in front part of parietal lobe
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Primary somatosensory cortex
TOUCH info from one body part registers in the cortex that is NEAR the regions that register the NEARBY body part’s sensations (fingers to hand cortex)
Unimportant section info goes to the nearest most SENSITIVE cortex (chin to lips)
Part of PARIETAL lobe
Face and fingers get MOST cortical attention (communication and reception)
Its organized by body parts location, not necessarily by sensitivity (physical proximity)
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Phineas Gage
Damaged brain from disease/ injury
PREFRONTAL cortex role in personality and self-control
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Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)
Motor control over MUSCLES
Attention, memory, learning, sleeping (muscles) (that thing that controls movement but also memory and learning )
Antagonist for this: Botox stops the control of muscles (wears off)
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Norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)
Arousal and alertness
Noticing what is going on around you— adrenaline (burst of energy, increased heart rate/ flight or flight response)
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Serotonin (neurotransmitter)
REGULATES emotional states and IMPULSE control (prefrontal cortex)
Dreaming
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (reduce symptoms of depression by leaving more serotonin in synapses- good, to bind with receptors on more neurons) this STOPS the reuptake (hence “inhibitor”)
Remember reuptake is absorption of neurotransmitter BACK into presynaptic neuron
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gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (neurotransmitter)
Stops action potentials (alertness/ anxiety)
Intoxication
Chillin- Yooo gaba
Without this overly excited neurons will go crazy and spread through brain (epileptic seizures)
Drug mimicry of this helps anxiety disorders
**(Is GABA like a thing from Inside Out, or do we will them to activate through our active relaxation (probably reactionary and autonomic) but when we are doing a certain thing, WE trigger the release of dopamine, which can ONLY happen when we interact with our environment or interact with the memories created by our environment
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Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
ENHANCES action potentials (neural transmission)
Learning and memory by strange thinking synaptic connections
Too much-> overexcited brain-> dead neurons
EX: damage to brain-> too much glutamate-> concussion
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Endorphins (neurotransmitters)
Pain reduction !!! And pleased state after being rewarded (like dopamine)
Left 4 dead: zombie bites you, for a millisecond endorphins flood in at maximum capacity so you dont feel ANYTHING, cuz they want Francis to have to time to fight or flight-> Take pain pills to make the endorphins rush back in
EX: morphine doesn’t BLOCK nerves that are giving pain signals, but makes people disassociate from the pain (feel it, but have a state of mind that doesn’t care about it)
KW: PAIN IS SUBJECTIVE- it puts you in another persons shoes
* why cant it block pain signals? Is this impossible? Weed?
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Agonists (neurotransmitters)
Drugs that enhance actions/EFFECTS of neurotransmitters (agonist- enhance) _ receptors CANT tell difference between REAL neurotransmitter and drug that RESEMBLES it
EX: nicotine is agonist (enhances) for acetylcholine (muscles) _ has same chemicals, so acetylcholine RECEPTORS cant tell the difference (fake happiness- alcohol)
Effect is short-lived
* is this how anti-depressants work? It’s definitely similar to happy-inducing drugs
* this mimicry is why drugs are addictive- something within the drug neurotransmitters are a lil diff from natural ones. so should we just overdose on natural neurotransmitters?
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Antagonists (neurotransmitters)
STOPS actions/effects of neurotransmitters
Prevent negative effects of drugs/ bad neurotransmitters by BLOCKING binding between their corresponding receptors
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Natural selection
We innately adapt to our environment -> brings improvement in the functions of our minds, making us and our kids more likely to survive. BUT environment ITSELF (not elements within us) bring changes in our traits
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Genes
Psychical traits, personality, intelligence, likelihood for diseases
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Gene expression-> change-> epigenetics(NVN)
Shows that genes are the pushovers in the nature v. Nurture debate-> genes turn on and off in favor for environment to steamroll them and let them TOTALLY change/influence our mental activity and behavior.
EX: think- my childhood overrode my gene of carefreeness, but its slowly coming back. The process goes experience - changes structure of MENTAL PROCESS - which eventually hardwire switches up our genes/ chemical change?
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Genotype
ALL your genes- unchanged are since birth (includes phenotype)
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Phenotype
Result of your genotype
But initiate the rougeness of gene expression-> physical and psychological traits that CAN be changed (height and personality)
Genotype provides the recipe, environment adds too many or too little ingredients -> phenotype
* in a sense, the phenotype is inevitable to even the smallest degree, like there’s not ONE person that has lived up to their recipe to the dot
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Plasticity
The brain is ALWAYS changing and the sheer power of environment and experiences to change such detailed anatomy can certainly be deemed spiritual. Will and our perception of circumstance/ environment impact our thought processes- our very biology. We change our brain because we are our brain. It is the soul
Brain is extremely complex and intricate, but carries these precisions into being adaptable and continually changing (plasticity)
Brain changes through 1. Growing new neurons, changing existing neural connections, and reorganizing
EX: Right hemisphere takes over processing for missing left hemis.
This changes with age
These are all nurture because they are conducted by expirences and new learning/ memories
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Neurogenisis (plasticity)
Production of new neurons (weed haters say otherwise)
In hippocampus and other (but not all) brain regions for older adults _ new memories are eventually transferred to cortex since these fade out fast and get replaced (over thinkers), in other words, the neurons at work in this process get lost but then genesis-ed
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Existing Neural connections (Plasticity)
Strong neural connections (constant communication) are more likely to fire together again in the future (you remember OLD childhood memory)
Brain changes PHYSICALLY (neural level- STRONGER or weaker) according to each new experience/ inclusive memory (reflects your current state of mind ((mind you- each millisecond))
* what causes their connection to be so strong? DID I Ike that memory more? We’re there a lot of positive charges in the cell body?
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Neural pruning (plasticity)
Neural connections get weaker if no constant communication
Life EXPERIENCES prune out connections established in the milliseconds of your childhood years and hold onto/ strengthen the ones that are stronger/ more efficient (adolescence)
* emotional traumatic moments in childhood stay because they are always talking to each other. Shows that nature really affects nature because why is it that emotion caused by external forces leave such a huge and permanent mark on our chemical levels? It’s like our purpose in life is to interact with our environment and feel emotion. (Hope in our existence)
* when do we get teh say in what is efficient? Does our Brian have its won chemical agenda? Or can we play a role in this? I mean we probably didnt when we were younger, but then again maybe we did
* what is the max capacity our brain can hold and is it in genetics, the way that some people hold onto more information/ have stronger neural connections?/ that brain capacity size?
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Brain reorganization (plasticity)
SUPER new connections develop between surrounding brain regions _ they scramble to pick up the remnants of the functions in the damaged area (its our turn now attitude)
Continues for years and involves all levels of CNS (cortex, down to spinal cord)
More common in children / less likely to reorganize in adults
EX: epilepsy-> remove hemis. (Causing problems)-> other one takes over (brain areas scrambling)
is this nature or nurture >:(
KW: most are able to function successfully after recovery
* why do they do thi exactly? What sparks our atomic state to try and keep us alive so badly? Every single living being is lived and then so must stay living. God giving us a chance, or our universe is one of life, literally everything (no living) is in a state of being so we all are connected.
* when they scramble, what motivates teh neurons to thirst for new ones? Is it our will, or they programmed to do so chemicall?
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Right hemisphere
Spatial relationships (parietal lobe- damage: heminglect for left visual field) , left-side body movements, face recognition, emotional language, ABSTRACT thinking
OCCIPITAL lobe- processes left visual field info
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Left hemisphere
Language and right-side body movement, logical thought
OCCIPITAL lobe- processes right visual field
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Primary somatosensory and motor homunculus
Strips that runs down the SIDE of the brain (from middle-top)
Motor info is processed in primary MOTOR CORTEX (part of FRONTAL lobe- but right next to somatosensory)
Together/ all in all they are known as the somatosensory homunculus (Wilder Penfield- epilepsy surgery w/o damaging imp brain areas- ended up finding out about which brain tissues were devoted to each sensory experience)
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Lateralization (hemispheres)
Some functions DO specialize/happen MORE (not exclusively) in one hemi. Than the other
EX: left hemi. -> specializes/ does most of language processing
BUT this specialization is consistent for EVERYONE, so it doesn’t determine our personality/ ‘special” characteristics
SPLIT BRAIN- epilepsy: (motor seizures) by cutting corpus callosum -> stops the brain activity that causes seizures
- this changes how patients process visual info, control motor movements, language processing and other specialized and non-lateralized functions
Split brain shows that lateralization is true, because functions specialized in either sides, still do so even without the other’s help (tiniest errors tho because it cant do it ALL by itself)
EX: left side language prevails AND left side contralateral control too (just not when your environment affects results)
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Split brain
They only function on either side of the hemispheres, never ever work together sine the collapsum is severed. This leads to problems _ when your environment is geared towards one side of your body (other side will be weakened depending on laterization of skill)
The sides of your body is important _ because the contralateral is ESSENTIAL to all brain functions (lobe functions like language, memories, thalamus)
“I cant name it (on left side) , but I picked this correct item for some reason (with left hand)” -> some part of left hemi. Responsible for becoming AWARE abt an object _ when they see the word, they are supposedly not processing it (right hemi.) BUT it will always be invisibly processed within W/O our outright consciousness of it (so left hemi. Is one that controls our impulsive and hidden messenger/ carry anonymous task out)
Even tho right doesn’t specialize in langauge, it still invisibly process info and sends command to left hand to get it (motor function-> maybe thats a memorized and ingrained pattern of movement and association too)
But this only gives right credit for its movement and motor memory, we wont be able to emulate its invisible understanding of invisibly reading it without us attaching an action to it. (Won’t read thing on left side and if not asked to associate object afterwards, we’d never know the invisible magic going on behind scenes)
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Left side read and right hand feel- no
When there is a mismatch between the visual field in which the word appears and the hand the patient is asked to use, the patient is unable to grab the object. This is because, due to the severed corpus callosum, the hemisphere that receives the visual information cannot communicate with the hemisphere that needs to control the hand.
The left hand is controlled by the right hemisphere, which received the “hammer” stimulus from the left visual field.
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Temporal lobes
Primary auditory cortex, !!! visual areas specializing in detailed objects (faces)(memory) , contain hippocampus, amygdala
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Fusiform face area
Where temporal and occipital lobes intersect
Activates MOST when looking at faces than just spatial objects (like in temporal)
Damaged-> prosopagnosia
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Frontal lobes
Complex thought , planning, (prefrontal cortex) and movement (primary motor cortex)
(contralateral)
motor information for a body part is processed in cortical areas that are near regions that process motor acts for nearby body parts
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Prefrontal cortex
Rest of the frontal lobes
30% of brain (largeness doesn’t separate us from animals tho-> its the complexity and organization)
Rational thought, social norms, sense of self (therefore connecting with people and assuming their train of thought)
Damage-> sociopaths
Developing and acting on plans/goals. Attention span maintenance
ADHD (but also irregularities in processing for other brain areas too)
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Emotion focused coping skills
Emotion focused coping skills- REGULATE + PREVENT negative emotional reactions to stressor
EX: Exercise, hobbies, emotion puzzle reminders, meditation
Don’t solve or prevent them happening in future- sources of stress is uncontrollable<- effect only in short run
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Problem- focused coping skills
direct steps that help in long run
EX: time management, analyzing and strategizing
