2) Brainstem and cranial nerves

Question 1

What is meant by rostral?

Answer 1

Position in relation to nose (closer = more rostral)

Question 2

What is the cephalic flexure and what is the angle?

Answer 2

Bend between midbrain and diencephalon

-100*

Question 3

In situ which side is the dorsal surface of the brain?

Answer 3

Superior surface

Question 4

Which 3 parts make up the hindbrain?

Answer 4

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Question 5

Roughly where do the coronal and sagittal sutures lie?

Answer 5

Coronal - across the front

Sagittal - down the middle

Question 6

What is grey matter?

Answer 6

Cell bodies (makes up cerebral cortex)

Question 7

What is white matter?

Answer 7

Nerve axons

Question 8

What is the cortex?

Answer 8

Outer layer of brain

Question 9

What are tracts?

Answer 9

Bundles of nerve axons

Question 10

Which subdivisions of the brain make up the forebrain or cerebrum?

Answer 10

2 cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

Question 11

Which subdivisions of the brain make up the brain stem?

Answer 11

Medulla
Pon
Midbrain

Question 12

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 12

Band of nerve fibres joining the 2 hemispheres

Question 13

What is the function of the pre central gyrus?

Answer 13

1* motor cortex

• all motor axons originate here
• responsible for movement to opposite side of body

Question 14

What is the function of the post central gyrus?

Answer 14

1* sensory cortex

- all conscious sensation goes here

Question 15

Is the optic nerve part of the CNS or PNS?

Answer 15

CNS - comes from brain

Question 16

Are peduncles white or grey matter structure?

Answer 16

Cerebellar peduncles = white matter

Cerebral peduncles = white & grey matter

Question 17

What is the dural septum that separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 17

Falx cerebri

Question 18

What dural septum extends between the occipital lobes and cerebellum?

Answer 18

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 19

What is the function of the dural septae?

Answer 19

Restrict rotatory displacement of brain

Question 20

Which dural sinuses run along the attachment of these 2 dural septae to the skull?

Answer 20

1) Superior sagittal sinus (falx cerebri)

2) Right and left transverse sinus (tentorium cerebelli)

Question 21

What is the function of arachnoid villi?

Answer 21

Form granulations which absorb CSF from subarachnoid space&raquo_space; subdural space&raquo_space; blood

Question 22

Which vessel provides the arterial supply to the dura mater?

Answer 22

Middle meningeal artery

NB. injury&raquo_space; epidural haematoma

Question 23

Which blood vessels provide the arterial blood supply to the brain?

Answer 23

Vertebral arteries

Internal carotid arteries

Question 24

Which arteries contribute to the circle of Willis?

Answer 24

Posterior cerebral
Posterior communicating
Internal carotid
Anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating

Question 25

Other than the cerebellar arteries what other 2 arteries come off the basillar and what do they supply?

Answer 25

Pontine arteries - pons | Labyrinthine - inner ear

Question 26

What are the penetrating arterial branches that arise from the circle of Willis and pass into the substance of the brain often referred to?

Answer 26

Central / perforating arteries

Question 27

What are penetrating arterial branches that arise from the middle cerebral arteries and pass into the substance of the brain often referred to?

Answer 27

Striate arteries

Question 28

What do the striate arteries supply?

Answer 28

Internal capsule and adjacent basal ganglia

Question 29

Where do the majority of superficial veins drain? Where does this drain?

Answer 29

``` Superior sagittal sinus >>confluence of sinuses >> transverse sinuses >> sigmoid sinus >> internal jugular vein ```

Question 30

Where does the great cerebral vein emerge in the brain?

Answer 30

Below posterior corpus callosum

Question 31

Where do deep veins drain?

Answer 31

``` Internal cerebral veins >> great cerebral vein >> straight sinus >> confluence of sinuses >> transverse sinuses >> sigmoid sinus >> internal jugular vein ```

Question 32

What is a berry aneurysm?

Answer 32

Swelling at the branching part of an artery under the brain especially at the circle of willis. Often causes fatal sub arachnoid haemorrhage

Question 33

Is the corpus callosum made up of grey or white matter?

Answer 33

White matter

Question 34

What is the midbrain?

Answer 34

Small area connecting forebrain and hindbrain

Question 35

What makes up the midbrain?

Answer 35

Tectum (rear) | Tegmentum (ant)

Question 36

What is the tectum made of?

Answer 36

2 pairs of swellings; - sup colliculi - inf colliculi

Question 37

What reflexes are the superior colliculi involved in?

Answer 37

Visual reflexes

Question 38

What reflexes are the inferior colliculi involved in?

Answer 38

Auditory reflexes

Question 39

What are the 3 regions of the tegmentum?

Answer 39

Red nucleus Periaqueductal gray Substantia nigra

Question 40

What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?

Answer 40

On either side of midbrain - connect hindbrain and forebrain

Question 41

Where is Broca's area and what is its function?

Answer 41

Lower frontal lobe | Motor area of speech

Question 42

Where is Wernicke's area located and what is its function?

Answer 42

Left temporal lobe | Understanding of speech

Question 43

On which cerebral hemisphere does language function tend to be

Answer 43

Left

Question 44

How are the 2 thalamus connected?

Answer 44

Interthalamic adhesion

Question 45

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Answer 45

Pituitary stalk

Question 46

What gyri are located on the temporal lobe?

Answer 46

Sup/mid/inf gyri

Question 47

What system does the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe have a role in?

Answer 47

Auditory system

Question 48

Where is the calcarine sulcus located and what does it have a role in?

Answer 48

Occipital lobe | - visual sense

Question 49

How many layers of dura mater can be found in the brain and how many can be found around the spinal cord?

Answer 49

2 in brain | 1 in spinal cord

Question 50

Subdural haemorrhage is usually do to a break in what?

Answer 50

Veins and venous plexuses

Question 51

Where is CSF made?

Answer 51

Choroid plexus (lat&3rd&4th ventricles)

Question 52

How does CSF exit into the subarachnoid space?

Answer 52

4th ventricle

Question 53

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles and what do they connect?

Answer 53

SUPERIOR - cerebellum to midbrain MIDDLE - cerebellum to pons INFERIOR - cerebellum to medulla

Question 54

What is the basis pedunculi?

Answer 54

Another name for crus cerebri/cerebral peduncles

Question 55

What are the crus cerebri?

Answer 55

2 large columns of descending fibres continuous rostrally with internal capsule - consist of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres - primarily motor in function

Question 56

What separates the crus cerebri from the tegmentum of the midbrain?

Answer 56

Substantia nigra