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maternal and child health nursing > [2](CH-27) - Child Born With a Physical or Developmental Difference > Flashcards

[2](CH-27) - Child Born With a Physical or Developmental Difference Flashcards

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1
Q

Is a birth defect characterized by incomplete formation of the lip.

A

Cleft Lip

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2
Q

Is a birth defect characterized by incomplete formation of the palate (Roof of the mouth)

A

Cleft Palate

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3
Q

What are the risk factors/possible causes that contribute to the possibility of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate occurring?

A
  • Smoking
  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Use of certain medications
  • Lack of folate during pregnancy (Folic Acid Deficiency)
  • Maternal exposure to Teratogens (during the first trimester)
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4
Q

Children with cleft palates are more prone to?

A
  • Hearing problems
  • Ear Infections
  • Glue Ear
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5
Q

Definitive management for Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate is?

A

Surgical Correction

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6
Q

When is Cleft Lip surgery and Cleft Palate surgery done?

A
  • Cleft Lip surgery: 3 months
  • Cleft Palate surgery: 6-12 months
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7
Q

What are the types of Cleft Lip?

A
  • Left Cleft Lip
  • Right Cleft Lip
  • Bilateral Cleft Lip
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8
Q

Refers to congenital GI anomalies wherein the esophagus & trachea do not separate normally during development

A
  • Esophageal Atresia
  • Tracheoesophageal Fistula
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9
Q

Both the esophagus and trachea develop and separate together, which begs the question of, “Does esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula occur together?”

A

Yes

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10
Q

From what organ does the esophagus and trachea develop? And when does this development occur?

A
  • Primitive Foregut
  • Weeks 4-6 of intrauterine development
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11
Q

What separates or divides the primitive foregut to form the esophagus and trachea?

A

Tracheoesophageal Septum

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12
Q

What are the products of the division of the primitive foregut caused by the tracheoesophageal septum?

A
  • Laryngotracheal Tube (Anterior)
  • Esophagus (Posterior)
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13
Q

What does the Laryngotracheal Tube develop into?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
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14
Q

What is the exact cause of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula?

A
  • Unknown
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15
Q

What are the risk factors of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

PRENATAL FACTORS
- Maternal use of alcohol & smoking
- Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus
- Increased Maternal Age
- Exposure to drugs (Methimazole, diethylstillbestrol)

UNRELATED TO MATERNAL FACTORS
- Chromosomal Anomalies (Trisomy 13, 18, or 21)
- Vacterl Syndrome (Associated with spinal, anal, heart, kidneys, limb (anomalies) and tracheoesophageal fistulas)

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16
Q

Which type of esophageal atresia occurs when there is no connection between the esophagus and stomach?

A

Type A

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17
Q

Around what week of intrauterine development does the esophagus fail to elongate and connect to the stomach in esophageal atresia?

A

Week 4

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18
Q

Which type of esophageal atresia occurs when the proximal esophagus connects ONLY to the trachea

A

Type B

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19
Q

Which type of esophageal atresia occurs when the distal esophagus connects to the trachea

A

Type C

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20
Q

Which type of esophageal atresia occurs when BOTH the proximal and distal esophagus connect to the trachea, with the middle part of the esophagus missing.

A

Type D

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21
Q

Which type of esophageal atresia occurs when there is no esophageal atresia, but only a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Type E/H

22
Q

What complications could possibly occur (In the context of both esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula) due to recurrent aspirations?

A
  • Aspiration Pneumonia
  • Lung Abscesses
  • Bronchiectasis
23
Q

What are the postoperative complications of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula?

A
  • LEAKING at SITE of ANASTOMOSIS
  • Strictures
  • FORMATION or RETURN of PREEXISTING FISTULA
24
Q

What are the most frequent clinical manifestations of esophageal atresia in the PRENATAL period?

A
  • Polyhydramnios
  • ABSENCE of STOMACH GAS on prenatal abdominal echography
25
Q

What are the most frequent clinical manifestations of esophageal atresia in the POSTNATAL period?

A
  • FROTHY SALIVA in MOUTH & NOSE
  • Excessive Drooling
  • INABILITY to SWALLOW FEEDINGS
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal Distention
  • (In severe cases) Respiratory Distress
26
Q

(This refers to postnatal clinical manifestations) What are the three C’s of esophageal atresia?

A

C - Coughing
C - Choking during Feeding
C - Cyanosis

27
Q

When could one see gastric bubbles during abdominal X-rays of both esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula? And why would these gastric bubbles be present?

A

Gastric bubbles are present ONLY on types C, D, and E due to the esophagus’s connection to the trachea.

28
Q

What process shows the anomalies (Esophageal atresia & Tracheoesophageal fistula) and gives the final diagnosis?

A

CHEST X-RAY w/ WATER-SOLUBLE CONTRAST through OROGASTRIC TUBE

29
Q

Is a condition where an organ pushes through a weakened or torn diaphragm muscle, potentially causing various health issues.

A

Diaphragmatic Hernia

30
Q

What organs commonly protrude through a hole or a weakness in the diaphragm?

A
  • Stomach
  • Intestines
  • Liver
31
Q

What are the symptoms of Diaphragmatic Hernia that are related to breathing difficulties?

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Rapid breathing
  • Chest pain
32
Q

What are the symptoms of Diaphragmatic Hernia that are related to Gastrointestinal issues?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Bloating
  • Reflux
33
Q

What are the types of diaphragmatic hernias?

A
  • CONGENITAL - Present from birth and often linked to developmental issues.
  • ACQUIRED - Develops later in life due to trauma, surgery, or other underlying conditions.
34
Q

Is a disease that occurs when some of the baby’s intestinal nerve cells (ganglion cells) don’t develop properly, delaying the progression of stool through the intestines.

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease

35
Q

Refers to a network of nerves

A

Plexus

36
Q

Is a plexus, also called the Auerbach’s Plexus. This plexus is responsible for smooth muscle relaxation

A

Myenteric Plexus

37
Q

Is a plexus, also called the Meissner’s Plexus. This plexus is buried in the submucosa and is responsible for controlling blood flow, and epithelial cell absorption and secretion.

A

Submucous Plexus

38
Q

What specific genes are thought to be important for migration and development of the nerve fibers in the distal colon? (In relation to Hirschsprung’s Disease)

A
  • RET
  • EDNRB
39
Q

Is a condition that causes part of the intestine to fold in to the section next to it. This telescoping, results in obstruction which impairs blood flow in the area and leads to ischemia.

A

Intussusception

40
Q

What age is intussusception most common in babies?

A

Under the age of 18 months

41
Q

Is intussusception more common in males? or in females?

A

Males

42
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of intussusception?

A
  • Abrupt Severe Abdominal Pain: May cause the child to draw their knees up to their chest.
  • Vomiting
  • Lethargy
  • Weight Loss
  • Sausage-shaped mass: Can be palpated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen
  • “Currant Jelly” stool: Refers to stool that contains blood and mucus
  • Fever
43
Q

What provides both a diagnosis and a treatment for intussusception?

A

Air Enema

44
Q

Refers to the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, resulting in abnormal expansion of the cerebral ventricles.

A

Hydrocephalus

45
Q

What is the disorder (Hydrocephalus) called when CSF is able to reach the spinal cord?

A

Extraventricular hydrocephalus

46
Q

Refers to when the sclera shows above the iris because of upper lid retraction.

A

Sunset Eyes

47
Q

In what age and gender group does Hirschsprung disease occur more often?

A
  • Males
  • Less than 12 months
48
Q

Which site does Hirschsprung Disease most commonly occur?

A

Sigmoid Colon & Rectum

49
Q

Which site does intussusception most commonly occur?

A

RUQ (Small Intestine)

50
Q

What type of Jaundice occurs in the first 24 to 48 hours for preterm infants, and for the first 24 hours of full term infants?

A

Pathologic Jaundice

51
Q

What is the immediate intervention for neonates experiencing breastfeeding jaundice?

A

Initiation of early feeding
(every 2-3 hours)

maternal and child health nursing (2 decks)

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