2: Example Of Organ Specific Autoimmunes

Question 1

What are the 4 types of organ specific autoimmune disease?

Answer 1

Endocrine, Skin, Neuro, Blood

Question 2

What are the 3 types of endocrine organ-specific autoimmune disease?

Answer 2

T1 Diabetes. Graves disease. Hashimotos Thyroiditis.

Question 3

What are the 2 types of skin organ-specific autoimmune disease?

Answer 3

Vitiligo. Pemphigus Vulgaris.

Question 4

What are 2 types of Neuro organ specific autoimmunites?

Answer 4

Myasthenia Gravis. Lambert-Eaton syndrome.

Question 5

What are the 2 Blood organ specific autoimmunities?

Answer 5

Hemolytic Anaemia. Thrombocytopenia purpura

Question 6

What is the auto antibody target for T1 Diabetes?

Answer 6

Pancreatic ß-cells.

Question 7

What is the auto antibody target for Graves disease and Hashimotos thyroiditis?

Answer 7

Thyroid proteins and cell antigens.

Question 8

What is the auto antibody target for Vitiligo?

Answer 8

Tyrosinase.

Question 9

What is the autoantibody target for Myashenia Gravis?

Answer 9

Acetylcholine receptor.

Question 10

What is the autoantibody target for Lambert-Eaton syndrome?

Answer 10

Voltage-gated Ca+ channels

Question 11

What is the autoantibody target for Haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 11

IgG/IgM bind to RBCs

Question 12

What is the autoantibody target for Thrombocytopenia Purpura?

Answer 12

Platelet Glycoproteins

Question 13

Why are endocrine glands common targets for organ specific autoimmunity?

Answer 13

Contain specialised cells that express tissue-specific proteins and have a VERY good blood supply.

Question 14

What happens to insulin-producing β-cells in type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 14

Selective destruction of these cells in pancreas.

Question 15

How are insulin-producing β-cells in the
pancreas destroyed?

Answer 15

Autoantibodies target insulin, glutamic acid and specific β-cells proteins.

Question 16

What mediates cell destruction in T1 diabetes?

Answer 16

CD8+T cells

Question 17

What is a common cause of hyperthytoidism?

Answer 17

Graves disease.

Question 18

What are symptoms of graves disease/hyperthyroidism?

Answer 18

.Exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
.Heat intolerance
.Anxiety

Question 19

What pathogen triggers graves disease?

Answer 19

Bacteria/Virus

Question 20

What do autoantibodies trigger in Graves disease?

Answer 20

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSHr)

Question 21

What is the target in graves disease?

Answer 21

TSHr

Question 22

What increases in graves disease?

Answer 22

T3(triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), Persistent TSHr stimulation

Question 23

What decreases in Graves hyperthyroidism?

Answer 23

TRH/TSH levels

Question 24

What are treatment for Graves hyperthyroidism?

Answer 24

Thyroidectomy. Anti-thyroid drugs. Radioiodine-131

Question 25

What does Hashimoto's disease cause?

Answer 25

HYPOthyroidism

Question 26

What happens o the thyroid in hashimoto's?

Answer 26

Enlarges of gland and reduced function. Reduced metabolic rate.

Question 27

What do autoantibodies target in Hashimoto's?

Answer 27

Thyroid oxidase causing cytotoxicity.

Question 28

What is increased levels in Hashimoto's?

Answer 28

TSH

Question 29

What levels decrease in Hashimoto's?

Answer 29

T3 and T4.

Question 30

What is treatment for Hashimoto's?

Answer 30

Replacement therapy (Lthyroxine/Liothyronine). Natural desiccated thyroid (NDT).

Question 31

What is a symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis ? (Neuro)

Answer 31

Skeletal muscle weakness (worsens with activity and subside after rest)

Question 32

What do antibodies target in Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 32

AChR and MuSK. (Muscle specific kinase)

Question 33

What muscles are effected in Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 33

Facial muscles. (speech/vision).

Question 34

What binds to receptors in a normal neuromuscular junction that is prevented in Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 34

Acetylcholine

Question 35

What channels are targeted by antibodies in Lambert-Eaton syndrome?

Answer 35

Voltage gated Ca+2 channels

Question 36

What happens to the influx of Ca+2 nto the nerve terminal in Lambert-Eaton syndrome?

Answer 36

Decreases.

Question 37

What are symptoms of Lambert-Eaton syndrome?

Answer 37

Proximal and distal muscle weakness (legs and arms). Ataxia (coordintion, balance, speech)

Question 38

What does 3,4-diamiopyrdine treatment do for LEMs?

Answer 38

Blocks potassium ion efflux so depolarisation of presynaptic nerve happens for longer. This increases calcium efflux and concentration and improves ACh to fuse and release neurotransmitter.

Question 39

What is haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 39

Organ specific autoimmune where IgG and IgM autoantibodies BIND to RBC's and activate complement.

Question 40

What happens to RBC's in haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 40

They become spherocytic and are phagocytosed by macrophages.

Question 41

What is a symptom of haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 41

Fatigue

Question 42

What is thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 42

Low platelet count leading o bleeding/bruising/rash

Question 43

What do IgG antibodies target in thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 43

Platelet surface glycoproteins

Question 44

What does thrombocytopenic purpura cause

Answer 44

Haematomas- Mucous membranes