2. GENERAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 1

Definition: Art & science of promoting health, preventing diseases & increasing span of healthy life through organized efforts of society

Answer 1

Public health

Question 2

Definition: Science & art of application of prevention at population, community and individual levels, with efforts being carried by clinicians, individuals and families.

Answer 2

Preventive medicine

Question 3

Definition: science concerned with diagnosing illness, treating disease, promoting health and relieving pain in an INDIVIDUAL patient.

Answer 3

Clinical medicine

Question 4

Definition: study of the distribution, dynamics & determinants of health related states and events in a defined population & application of this study to control health problems

Answer 4

Epidemiology

Question 5

Definition: state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease

Answer 5

Health

Question 6

Definition: entry & multiplication of an infectious agent withing the body not necessarily causing an illness.

Answer 6

Infection

Question 7

Definition: constant presence of a disease within a given area of population group

Answer 7

Endemic

Question 8

Definition: occurrence of disease in a community in EXCESS number of cases more than expected to this specified location & during a specified period of time.

Answer 8

Epidemic

Question 9

Definition: an epidemic occurring in a small confined area

Answer 9

outbreak

Question 10

Definition: an epidemic affecting more than one country

Answer 10

pandemic

Question 11

Definition: an infectious disease transmitted from animal to man

Answer 11

Zoonoses

Question 12

Definition: the course of a disease overtime unaffected by treatment

Answer 12

Natural history of a disease

Question 13

The 3 factors studied in epidemiology

Answer 13

1-Distribution
2- Dynamic
3-Determinants

Question 14

the occurrence of one case of a completely & globally eradicated disease should indicate _____

Answer 14

beginning of an epidemic

Question 15

T/F: an epidemic can follow an endemic status

Answer 15

True

Question 16

T/F: the word epidemic is only used to refer to communicable diseases

Answer 16

False
(used for non-communicable diseases as well)

Question 17

Identifying risk factors, syndrome identification & describing natural history and trends of diseases , testing vaccine effectiveness are ALL uses of_____?

Answer 17

Epidemiology

Question 18

epidemiologic triad:

Answer 18

Agent
Host
Environment

Question 19

age, sex, ethnic group, race, blood group are ALL examples of

Answer 19

risk attributes

Question 20

occupation, education, marital status, diet habits etc are ALL examples of

Answer 20

social traits

Question 21

non modifiable host factors

Answer 21

risk attributes

Question 22

modifiable host factors

Answer 22

social traits

Question 23

environmental factors of communicable diseases include (3)

Answer 23

1-Physical environment
2- Biological environment (vector of disease)
3-Socio-cultural environment

Question 24

T/F: a disease is caused by more than one causal mechanism with each cause being SUFFICIENT to produce the disease

Answer 24

True

Question 25

stages of natural history of a disease (5)

Answer 25

1- Stage of positive health 2- stage of susceptibility 2.1-stage of pre-pathogenesis & subclinical 3-stage of manifest disease 4-stage of disability 5-stage of death

Question 26

level of prevention during stage of positive health is

Answer 26

PRIMARY prevention

Question 27

level of prevention during stage of susceptibility is

Answer 27

PRIMARY prevention

Question 28

level of prevention during stage of pre-pathogenesis is

Answer 28

SECONDARY prevention

Question 29

level of prevention during stage of manifest disease is

Answer 29

SECONDARY prevention

Question 30

level of prevention during stage of disability is

Answer 30

TERTIARY prevention

Question 31

role of community medicine in stage of positive health is through________(3)

Answer 31

1-Health promotion 2-Counseling 3-Care of special groups

Question 32

role of community medicine in stage of susceptibility is through________(3)

Answer 32

1-Risk assessment 2-Preventive measures 3- Susceptibility detection

Question 33

role of community medicine in stage of pre-pathogenesis & subclinical is through________(3)

Answer 33

1-Obeservation 2-Surveillance 3-Screening

Question 34

role of community medicine in stage of manifest disease is through________(3)

Answer 34

1-Control 2-Epidemiology 3-Registry & disease burden

Question 35

role of community medicine in stage of disability is through________(3)

Answer 35

1-Disability evaluation 2-Assessment of burden 3-Rehabilitation

Question 36

role of community medicine in stage of death is through________(3)

Answer 36

1-Registry 2-Mortality rates 3- Economic impact

Question 37

Definition: actions taken PRIOR to onset of disease which remove possibility that a disease will occur

Answer 37

Primary prevention

Question 38

Definition: actions taken at early stages of disease that prevent its progress and prevent complications

Answer 38

Secondary prevention

Question 39

Definition: measures available to reduce/limit impairements and disabilities

Answer 39

Tertiary prevention

Question 40

Definition: an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations & participation restrictions

Answer 40

Disability

Question 41

Full form of ICF

Answer 41

International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health

Question 42

what are the 3 areas of functioning that a disabled person encounters difficulties in?

Answer 42

1-Health conditions & impairments 2-Personal factors (motivation, self-esteem) 3-Environmental factors (inaccessibility)

Question 43

Main components of primary prevention (2)

Answer 43

1-health promotion (education, environmental modification, nutritional intervention) 2-specific protection measures (immunization, avoid RF etc.)

Question 44

specific interventions of secondary prevention are (2)

Answer 44

1-Early diagnosis (screening) 2-Adequate treatment (mass/individual)