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7 PATH 1 > 2 HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS > Flashcards

2 HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Platelet activation and aggregation WITHOUT vascular damage or blood loss

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2
Q

What does a thrombus refer to?

A

Platelet plug - clotting WITHIN a blood vessel

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3
Q

What is a Hemolyticdynamic disorder?

A

Anticoagulation system defect -> excess platelet plug = THROMBUS

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4
Q

What is the actual disorder in hemolyticdynamic disorder?

A

Disorders that arise from interruptions in normal blood flow without vessel wound or break.

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5
Q

What does the hemodynamic system do?

A

1 Cause of death in US!!

Functions to slow blood down allowing for the correct amount of blood clotting preventing too much coagulation.

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6
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

(Thrombus formation) - platelet activation (Von Willebrand factor is working) and platelet aggregation occurs WITHOUT threat of vascular damage and blood loss -> Platelet plug form (not talking about blood clot, not a part of blood coagulation)

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7
Q

Blood clot can be formed ______

A

Inside and/or outside of a vessel

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8
Q

Thrombus refers to _____

A

Blood that has clotted within a blood vessel (blood plug) it always originates from a vascular wall and always maintains a point of contact with the vascular wall through Von Willebrand factor (always stays inside the vessel) –> platelet activation and platelet aggregation

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9
Q

When does a Thrombus only occur?

A

When there is no problem to lose blood

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10
Q

Thrombus in the arterial system result in _____

A

The formation of very Dense and Strong, firm and small and fast moving platelet accumulation

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11
Q

Thrombus in the venous system result in ______

A

Very slow. They are Looser, weaker and larger

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12
Q

What do the Lines of Zahn represent?

A

A special type of thrombi characterized by visible and microscopic laminations produced by alternating layers

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13
Q

What is a pale layer of Lines of Zahn?

A

Composed of platelets mixed with fibrin

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14
Q

What is the dark layer of Lines of Zahn?

A

It is composed of RBC’s

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15
Q

What does the presence of Lines of Zahn represent?

A

Implies thrombosis in area where blood flow is fast

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16
Q

Where are 2 main areas where thrombi with Lines of Zahn be found?

A

Heart and Aorta (usually the arch region)

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17
Q

What is an example of Lines of Zahn?

A

Mitral Stenosis: narrowing of the left atrioventricular opening –> blood flow is slower –> accumulation of blood in L ventricles –> thrombi are formed with lines of Zahn

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18
Q

What is the process of ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE?

A

Stretching of endothelial cells from the inner surface of blood vessel –> collagen fibers are overexposed –> first factor for developing thrombus –> thrombus formation

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19
Q

What are the factors predisposing to thrombosis?

A

Endothelial damage and flow abnormalities

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20
Q

Endothelial damage causes _____

A

Hemodynamic stress aka Normal wear and tear

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21
Q

What is Hemodynamic stress aka normal wear and tear associated with?

A

Hypertension, both arterial and venous

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22
Q

What is Hypertension?

A

Increased resistance and friction between vascular wall and fluid. It is a serious factor that promotes endothelial damage

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of Arterial stress that is associated with Hypertension?

A

Arterial and Venous

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24
Q

What is hemodynamic stress?

A

Normal wear and tear resulting in arteriosclerosis, accelerated and strengthen by hypertension

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25
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Specific changes, such as formation of plaque, in arterial walls. Leads to endothelial damage in the arteries

26
Q

What does atherosclerosis lead to?

A
  • Platelet aggregation -> Atherosclerotic plugs

- Damaged of endothelial cells

27
Q

What is associated with Venous Hypertension?

A

Latrogenic Thrombosis

28
Q

What is iatrogenic thrombosis caused by?

A

Medical Care, results in endothelial damage

29
Q

What is an example of Latrogenic Thrombosis?

A

Injections into veins damages the endothelia resulting in obliteration of veins and may lead to thrombus formation (rare).

30
Q

When does latrogenic thrombosis occur?

A

It is seen only after surgery 95% of thrombus occurs in the deep veins due to slow blood flow

31
Q

What are Flow Abnormalities?

A

Reduction in the rate of blood flow or its complete stoppage aka stasis

32
Q

What do Flow Abnormalities cause?

A

A decreased rate of flow causes a disruption of axial blood flow & platelets flow closer to the vascular wall

33
Q

What is the flow chart for Flow Abnormalities?

A

Disruption of axial blood flow -> more exposure to collagen fibers -> increased platelet activation -> may lead to thrombus formation

34
Q

What are the causes for decreased flow rate in the Arterial System?

A

Cardiac Damage and Increased Blood Viscosity aka Hyperviscosity

35
Q

What 4 things are associated with Cardiac Damage?

A

1) Myocardial Infarction (MI)
2) Mitral Stenosis
3) Mural Thrombus
4) Rheumatic Heart Disease

36
Q

What is Myocardial Infarction?

A

Dead heart tissue heals/scars over with fibrotic tissue. Decreased cardiac output because CT is not contractile. Decrease strength of heart pump.

37
Q

What is Mitral Stenosis?

A

Seen in young people. Narrowing of the valve reduces the speed of the blood -> Thrombus formation in the atrium with lines of Zahn

38
Q

What is Mural Thrombus?

A

Thrombi formed in chambers of heart

39
Q

What is Rheumatic Heart Disease?

A

Mitral Stenosis slows blood flow in the left atrium & thrombus formation usually kills patient

40
Q

What does Increased blood viscosity aka Hyperviscosity cause?

A

Changes blood properties causes blood to flow slower -> predisposition to thrombosis

41
Q

What 2 diseases are associated with Increased blood viscosity aka Hyperviscosity?

A

Psoriatic arthritis and Polycythemia

42
Q

What is Polycythemia?

A

Overproduction of RBC’s (normal = 3-5 mil/mm3)

43
Q

What can happen during Polycythemia?

A

Hematocrit level can be double the normal (>50%) -> Increases friction with the vascular wall -> increased resistance to blood flow -> huge predisposition to thrombosis that can lead to death

44
Q

Polycythemia is sometimes called

A

Erythrocytosis

45
Q

How is Polycythemia different from physiological polycythemia?

A

It is different from physiological polycythemia as a compensatory mechanism for emphysema or living at high altitude where the amount of RBCs increases but not to the level seen in polycythemia

46
Q

What are the Flow Abnormalities associated with the Venous System

A

1) Physical Activity
2) Varicose Veins
3) Turbulence
4) Blood Hypercoagulation

47
Q

What does Physical Inactivity predispose you to?

A

Thrombus especially in the lower legs (valve malfunction)

48
Q

What happens during Valve malfunction?

A

Valves open due to increase P on one side compared to the other. In physical inactivity deep veins do not move properly and develop thrombus

49
Q

What does physical inactivity (valve malfunction) cause in the venous system?

A

Causes muscle contraction required to return blood to the heart since valves are not working correctly -> supplies the additional pressure needed (P is low in veins)

50
Q

95% of thrombi are formed _____

A

In the deep veins of the legs

51
Q

What are Varicose Veins?

A

Distension of the vein walls from each other. (Tortuosity) causes a gap in between the valves preventing correct closure of the valves (not effective) and flow goes without any restriction

52
Q

What may varicose veins be due to?

A

Congenital weakness of the venous tone

53
Q

When are varicose veins commonly seen?

A

Pregnancy due to increased pressure and Obese people (compression of organ and veins)

54
Q

What can help with Varicose Veins?

A

Wearing tight socks can cause compression

55
Q

What is Turbulence?

A

Disruption of laminar flow. Twists and turns in a vessel

56
Q

What is turubulence due to?

A

Narrowing of lumen, expanded lumen -> aneurysm, and both will disrupt laminar flow

57
Q

What can cause Blood Hypercoagulation?

A

Extensive Burns: increases coagulation, some kidney diseases, heart failure

58
Q

What disease is associated with Blood Hypercoagulation?

A

Widespread metastatic tumor growth: malignant tumor

59
Q

What is the most common cause of Blood Hypercoagulation?

A

Birth Control Pills

60
Q

What is the most common cause of Blood Hypercoagulation?

A

Birth Control Pills: Most common cause and very serious. It causes metabolic disruption specially endocrine imbalance -> no production of hormones that the body needs

61
Q

What do birth control pills promote?

A

Obesity, skin problems, atherosclerosis, cervix cancer, and infertility

62
Q

What do corticosteroids cause?

A

Blood Hypercoagulation

Also promote thrombosis

7 PATH 1 (11 decks)

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