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7 PATH 1 > INFLAMMATION > Flashcards

INFLAMMATION Flashcards

1
Q

What is Inflammation?

A

A biological reaction in response to a foreign invader.

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2
Q

What 5 signs must be present within every inflammatory reaction?

A

1) Rubor
2) Calor
3) Tumor
4) Dolor
5) Function Laesa

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3
Q

Rubor

A

Redness

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4
Q

Calor

A

Heat

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5
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling

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6
Q

Dolor

A

Pain

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7
Q

Function Laesa

A

Loss of function, introduced later by Dr. Galen

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8
Q

What is called a “sphincter” in regards to arterioles?

A

Arterioles from an artery end in a splinter which connects with a capillary bed. Where they meet is called a “sphincter.”

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9
Q

Where is the only place where blood exchange occurs?

A

Capillary Bed

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10
Q

Where does inflammation develop?

A

(Postcapillary venues come after capillary bed and end in veins). Where the capillary bed and post capillary venules meet is where Inflammation occurs

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11
Q

What does the capillary bed consist of?

A

Basement membrane in the outer most part composed of endothelial cells.

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12
Q

Endothelial cells line the inner surface of ______

A

Capillaries and Blood vessels

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13
Q

What covers the lumen?

A

Endothelial cells

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14
Q

What essentially are pinocytic vessels?

A

2 Adjacent endothelial cells have Gaps, we can see open channels through which nutrients and ions cross the wall of the capillary

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15
Q

Capillary exchange occurs due to what 2 forces?

A

Hydrostatic and Osmotic forces

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16
Q

What pulls the fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue? (arterial end)

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure and tissue osmotic pressure

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17
Q

What pressures pull fluid INTO the capillary (venular end)?

A

Tissue hydrostatic, and blood osmotic pressure

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18
Q

Decreased blood osmotic pressure will cause _____ to happen?

A

Excessive fluid to come out of the capillary causing edema and inflammation.

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19
Q

What is the beginning and end of “Hydrostatic pressure?”

A

Beginning from blood to tissue and ends from tissue to blood

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20
Q

Describe where pressure is highest in Hydrostatic pressure:

A

Blood pressure is higher in beginning vs the end, this is the “driving” hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

4 basic causes of Inflammation:

A

1) Increased HcP - more water gets out
2) Decrease in plasma proteins (albumin) - OPc decreases which keeps water in the tissue
3) Increase permeability of the capillary (endothelial retraction)
4) Blockage of Lymphatic return

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22
Q

What are the 2 components to inflammation?

A

Vascular and Cellular

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23
Q

What is the vascular component of inflammation?

A

Hyperemia: Increased blood flow.

Increased permeability of blood vessels

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24
Q

What is the cellular component of inflammation?

A

Blood cells that flow into the site of inflammation

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25
Q

Can Avascular tissues be inflamed?

A

NO. Both components of inflammation involve vessels and blood cells, therefore Avascular tissues CANNOT be inflamed

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26
Q

What is Chondroitis?

A

Inflammation of tissues SURROUNDING the cartilage, not the actual cartilage itself because the cartilage is Avascular

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27
Q

What is Exudate?

A

Refers to the inflammatory fluid at the site of inflammation.

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28
Q

What is the leakage of the fluid portion of the blood into the tissues as a result of tissue damage?

A

Exudate

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29
Q

What is the appearance of exudate?

A

Protein rich fluid, cloudy fluid appearance

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30
Q

What are present in exudate?

A

Plasma cells, WBC’s, and sometimes microorganism are present

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31
Q

What is specific gravity of Exudate?

A

1.020 (normal is 1)

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32
Q

What is the “space for healing the damaged tissue?”

A

Exudate

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33
Q

What is Transudate?

A

It refers to the perfusion of normal fluid portion of the blood into tissues.

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34
Q

What is a normal process of fluid accumulation in tissues due to hydrostatic and osmotic pressure imbalances (osmosis)?

A

Transudate

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35
Q

Is transudate non-inflammatory?

A

YES

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36
Q

What is the appearance of transudate?

A

Not protein rich, clear fluid appearance

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37
Q

What is the specific gravity of Transudate?

A

1.012 (LIGHTER than exudate)

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38
Q

In what conditions would you see transudate?

A

Liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and Left ventricular failure

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39
Q

What is the main difference between exudate and Transudate?

A

RATE of fluid flow

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40
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Increased blood flow

41
Q

What happens during hyperemia?

A

Vasoconstriction followed immediately by vasodilation (hyperemia)

42
Q

What does hyperemia cause?

A

Passive enlargement of capillaries, up to 20-30% larger than normal due to passive increase in blood hydrostatic pressure

43
Q

What is stasis?

A

The slowing of blood flow causing blood flow to stop due to increased viscosity (the fluid portion filtering out and protein staying put towards end of capillaries)

44
Q

What is “Filtration” in regard to Hyperemia?

A

Fluid is pushed out of the capillary into tissue;

45
Q

What happens to blood at the distal end of the capillary?

A

Blood becomes more viscous and the rate decreases. (STASIS occurs) “blood flow stops”

46
Q

What does Hyperemia account for?*

A

Swelling, the change in color (redness), increase in Ta, pain, and reduced function

47
Q

What does constriction of endothelial cells within the vessel (basement membrane) do?

A

Increases the gaps between them

Increased permeability of vessels

48
Q

Increased permeability of vessels can cause what?

A

Loss of protein (albumin) into tissue - increased osmotic pressure in tissue, therefore blood moves into the tissues and swelling occurs

49
Q

Osmotic:

A

Solutes

50
Q

Oncotic:

A

Proteins

51
Q

What is the MC blood protein?

A

Albumin 55%, responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure within blood vessels preventing fluid escape from the vessels

52
Q

What is the 2nd MC blood protein?

A

Globulins (immunoglobulins) 40-45%

They are ANTIBODIES

53
Q

What is the least common blood protein?

A

Fibrinogen, 5-7% it maintains homeostasis preventing blood loss.

54
Q

What is special quality that fibrinogen has?

A

It can scape in the exudate into the tissue causing a decrease in oncotic P in the capillary. As a result, the tissue will produce toxins causing pain

55
Q

Axial blood flow aka:

A

“Laminar Flow”

56
Q

What is Axial blood flow, aka Laminar flow?

A

When the components of blood flow at center of vessel they become surrounded by the fluid portion.

57
Q

What does Axial blood flow, aka Laminar flow do?

A

It minimizes friction between the fluid portion of blood and the wall of vessel (normal flow).

58
Q

Any kind of damage to vessels disrupts what?

A

Axial blood flow aka laminar flow

59
Q

What is a benefit of inflammation that exudate does?

A

Brings antibodies, antibodies bind and destroy pathogens

60
Q

What is a benefit of inflammation in regard to toxins?

A

Any toxins at the injury site are diluted-less damageable for the rest of the tissue

61
Q

What are the 4 types of Exudate?

A

1) Serous Inflammation
2) Fibrinous Inflammation
3) Suppurative (purulent) inflammation
4) Hemorrhagic inflammation

62
Q

Serous inflammation is:

A

A large amount of watery exudate

63
Q

What does serous inflammation respond to?

A

Mild injury in which only fluid is allowed to escape to the interstitial tissue (no or little endothelial retraction)

64
Q

What is an example of serous inflammation?

A

Common cold, watery discharge from eyes and nose; 2nd degree burns - blisters

65
Q

Why would fibrinogen be in the exudate?

A

Due to increased permeability of vessels, it causes an enzymatic reaction to turn it into fibrin strands preventing the escape to the interstitial tissue

66
Q

What type of inflammation can be dangerous?

A

Fibrinous inflammation

67
Q

What is an example of Fibrinous inflammation?

A

Rheumatic Pericarditis

68
Q

Rheumatic Pericarditis:

A

(Rheumatic heart disease: acute pericarditis and myocarditis - fibrinoid necrosis - Aschoff’s nodules)

69
Q

What does rheumatic pericarditis (fibrinous inflammation) cause?

A

It causes formation of scar tissue between serous membranes - can hear friction rubbing, this fluid must be removed

70
Q

What is suppurative (purulent) inflammation characterized by?

A

Presence of pus, hazy/yellowish color

71
Q

What type of inflammation contains enzymes, dead and living cells, and is a source of infection?

A

Suppurative (purulent) inflammation)

72
Q

Pus can transmit _____

A

Diseases to other parts of the body

73
Q

What are the 3 types of Suppurative (purulent) inflammation?

A

1) Abscess
2) Cellulitis
3) Empyema

74
Q

Describe what Abscess category of suppurative inflammation is:

A

Localized accumulation of pus that develops at a focus when an agent of injury can’t be quickly neutralized (localized purulent inflammation)

75
Q

What are 2 examples of abscess (suppurative inflammation)?

A

Lung Abscess - Formation of cavity due to proteolytic enzymes (TB, cancer)

Brain: Parameningeal Abscess

76
Q

What is Cellulitis (Type of suppurative inflammation)?

A

Diffuse, widespread suppurative inflammation

77
Q

What is Empyema (Type of suppurative inflammation)?

A

Accumulation of pus in a body cavity or in a certain organ

78
Q

What 2 cavities is empyema found in?

A

1) Pleural empyema (LESS DANGEROUS)
2) Subdural empyema (close space between arachnid and pia mater) Very dangerous because pus can get into subarachnoid space

79
Q

What is Hemorrhagic Inflammation?

A

Accumulation of RBC’s at site of inflammation. WBC is cellular component

80
Q

Do RBC’s participate in inflammatory response?

A

NO

81
Q

What is Leukocyte Emigration ** (new topic: CELLULAR COMPONENT)

A

Outpouring of a large amount of WBC’s from the blood

82
Q

What are the 2 main components of Leukocyte emigration?

A

1) It is an active movement, scape of WBC’s (takes 10 min)

2) Only occurs in post capillary venules

83
Q

What is the Leukocyte emigration process of order?

A

1) Axial aka Laminar blood flow
2) Margination
3) Pavementing
4) Leukocyte Emigration

84
Q

Describe what happens during Axial aka Laminar blood flow:

A

Cells move down the center of the lumen parallel to the walls, and this assures less friction, no sound

85
Q

Disruption of laminar flow can be heard as ____

A

Bruit

86
Q

What are the largest of the WBC’s?

A

Leukocytes, and they locate themselves at the center and they are surrounded by RBC’s, which are also surrounded by platelets

87
Q

Where are the WBC’s located during this Column appearance?

A

Cells are in the middle, while the fluid portion of blood is more perpheric

88
Q

When injury occurs, what happens to axial blood flow?

A

Disruption occurs. RBC’s become sticky due to releasing chemicals, and they accumulate so they become larger than WBC’s and move toward center of the column (REDISTRIBUTION)

89
Q

What is Margination** (Leukocyte Emigration)?

A

Periphery location of WBC’s

90
Q

What happens during Margination?

A

When WBC’s are positioned in the periphery near the vascular endothelium of the column as a result of the redistribution that occurs when the RBC’s move to the center of the column

91
Q

When Margination finishes, where are the WBC’s?

A

Close to the vascular endothelium

92
Q

What is Pavementing (Leukocyte formation)?

A

The leukocytes adhere to the endothelial cell surfaces (stop movement)

93
Q

What happens during Pavementing?

A

Endothelial cells become sticky and project receptors into the lumen, WBCs are caught in the receptors

94
Q

During Leukocyte Emigration, WBCs that attach to lumen receptors move to _____

A

A gap between endothelial cells

95
Q

What is the final process of Leukocyte Emigration?

A

WBC’s finally move through the gap between the cells so they end up outside the vessel

96
Q

Where does Leukocyte emigration ONLY take place?

A

POST CAPILLARY VENULES

97
Q

Leukocyte Emigration is an ______

A

ACTIVE** process where WBC’s move outside the vessel into the site of inflammation

98
Q

Diapedesis is a _____

A

Passive Scape of RBCs move outside the vessel into the tissue (with or without inflammation)

7 PATH 1 (11 decks)

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