2 - History of One Health Flashcards
(45 cards)
What did Hippocrates do
Urged physicians to consider where their patients lived, the foods they ate and waters they drank, their lifestyles, and the seasons of the year
What did Aristotle do
Comparative medicine: animal anatomy, pathology of animal diseases
Who was Galen? What did he do
Considered most famous doctor in Roman Empire (court physician in Rome)
Emphasized comparative anatomy (dissected animals to understand how body functions)
What did Pieree Belon do
Comparisons of the skeletons of birds and humans
= beginnings of modern comparative anatomy
Who was Giovanni Maria Lancisi
Physician to 3 popes
Expert on heart disease
Role of environment in spread of disease
Malaria:
- proposed mosquitoes as vectors
- connection of stagnant water/mosquitoes & disease
- recommended draining swamps and use of protection against mosquitoes to prevent malaria
Who was Claude Bourgelat
Comparative pathology (pioneer in comparative medicine)
Anatomy and pathology of horses
Founder of first veterinary college
Studied Rinderpest (cattle plague)
What was smallpox variolation? Where was it developed
Developed in Asia
Deliberate infection with smallpox in low doses
Survivors were resistant to smallpox infection
Methods of smallpox variolation
Inhalation of dried smallpox scabs in Asia
Skin puncture in Europe and America
Why was variolation used
There was 1-2% fatalities, but 30% fatality if not “vaccinated” and naturally exposed to smallpox
Who was John Fewster? What did he notice?
Country surgeon
Practiced variolation
Noticed some patients did not respond to smallpox inoculation (no reddening of site)
What did John Fewster determine about patients who did not respond to inoculation?
They had previously been infected with cow pox (similar virus)
Who was Edward Jenner
Country physician
Studied heart issues, nested cuckoo, angina pectoris
What did Edward Jenner do with regards to smallpox
Inoculation with bovine virus (cow pox) (not much of a response) led to immunization against smallpox
Inoculated a young boy with the dairymaids cow pox infection, then exposed him to smallpox… no infection
When was smallpox eradicated
Through vaccination in 1980
What diseases have been eradicated worldwide
Smallpox and rinderpest
Who was John Snow
Father of modern epidemiology
Cholera
Expert on anesthetics (administered chloroform to Queen Victoria at birth of 8th & 9th children)
How many cholera cases per year? Deaths? What are the symptoms? Source of infection?
2.9 million cases/year
95,000 deaths/year
Severe = watery diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps, death within hours without treatment
Contaminated water or food sources from a person infected with cholera
Human to human transmission
What kind of infection is cholera? By what?
How is it treated? Prevented?
Acute intestinal infection caused by bacterium Vibrio cholera
Treat by rehydrating with clean water
Prevent by improving sanitation and access to clean water
What is a pandemic? E.g.
Infectious disease epidemic that has spread through a large region (continents or worldwide)
- smallpox, tuberculosis, flu, HIV, cholera, COVID19
How many cholera pandemics documented? Causing how many deaths? Most recent pandemic?
Seven
~40 million deaths (most in 1800s)
Most recent in 1961-1975: Indonesia, India, Soviet Union
What happened in London in 1854?
1854 Broad Street Cholera Outbreak
600 deaths in first week
Why was there a cholera outbreak in London in 1854
No sanitation in many areas
Human/animal waste dumped into River Thames (city water supply source)
What did John Snow do in London 1854
Visited house to house to collect info (symptoms, water supply)
Created dot map to define clusters of deaths
87% of cases clustered around the Broad Street community pump
Pump handle removed sept 8, 1854
How did John Snow demonstrate one health practices?
- demonstrated basics of public health/epidemiology
- obtained/employed info about person, place and time to identify source of infection
- considered the 1st major epidemiological study
