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GCSE B3 > 2. Homeostasis Pt 5 > Flashcards

2. Homeostasis Pt 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Urine contain?

A
  • mostly water, with varying amounts of slats & urea dissolved in it
  • these are all colourless
  • but the yellow part of the urine is due to urobilins which are created by the liver as it breaks down haemoglobin
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2
Q

Quickly go through the the states urea goes through to be turned into urine?

A
  1. Urea is made the liver
  2. Flows in the blood
  3. Urea, ions, glucose and water pass into kindness tubules
    (Glucose, some ions and some water is reabsorbed)
  4. Urea, some ions and some water flows down ureters
  5. Urine is stored in the bladder
  6. Urine is expelled out of urethra
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3
Q

What substances are present in blood?

A
  1. Cells
  2. protein
  3. Glucose
  4. Water
  5. Mineral ions
  6. Urea
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4
Q

What substances are present in kindness tubules?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Water
  3. Mineral ions
  4. Water
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5
Q

What substances are present in urine?

A
  1. Some water
  2. Some mineral ions
  3. Urea
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6
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

It’s produced by the pituitary gland

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7
Q

What does ADH stand for and what does it do?

A
  • anti-diuretic hormone
  • it increases the permeability of the kidney tubules
  • it will increase the amount of water re-absorbed back into the body
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8
Q

Explain what happens in your body when you become dehydrated

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects high concentration of solutes in blood.
    (Hypothalamus creates the feeling of thirst)
  2. Pituitary gland releases ADH
  3. kidneys maintain blood water level high.
    (By retaining water and making Urine more concentrated with salts and urea)(when the person drinks water)
  4. So less water is lost in urine (urine is more concentrated)
  5. Blood water level returns to normal
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9
Q

What happens your water levels are too high?

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects low solute concentration
  2. Pituitary releases less ADH
  3. Kindness reabsorbs less water
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10
Q

What 4 things cause kindness failure?

A

-Genetic diseases
-infections
-drugs/poisons
-physical damage
This can lead to dangerous toxins to build up and your salt and water balance will be disrupted

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11
Q

What are the 2 solutions to kidney failure?

A
  • transplant

- kidney dialysis (this is a temporary solution)

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12
Q

How does a kidney dialysis work?

A
  • blood is sent to a partially permeable artificial membrane
  • this prevents blood cells and large proteins from leaving the blood but allows small, soluble molecules to move freely
  • the fluid around the membranes has no urea in it creating a steep concentration gradient and causing urea to diffuse out of the blood
  • the dialysis fluid also has the correct concentration of glucose, ions and water which will diffuse either way until the blood reaches the right levels
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13
Q

What are disadvantages of the kidney dialysis?

A
  • it takes approx 8 hours to complete and is usually done in hospital 2 or 3 times a week
  • this can be very disruptive for your normal life
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14
Q

How does a kidney transplant work?

A
  • its taken from an appropriate donor

- and attached to the blood vessels and ureter of the patient

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15
Q

What’s the risk of kidney transplants? How is this risk reduced?

A
  • every person has different antigens on the surface if their cells
  • the immune system of the recipient may attack the new kidney, causing it to be rejected and destroyed
  • this is reduced by matching donors abs recipients are closely as possible by checking they’re blood type and if they have similar surface antigens
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16
Q

What happens if the surface antigens of the transplanted kidney are too dissimilar?

A

-the body’s white blood cells will produce antibodies that bind to and destroy the cells of the donated kidney

17
Q

What can the patient do to reduce the risk of rejection?

A

-take immunosuppressants drugs to reduce the immune response so that the kidney is accepted

18
Q

What are the advantages of kidney transplant?

A
  • no longer needing regular dialysis sessions making life easier
  • no longer needing a controlled diet
  • cheaper then long-term dialysis
19
Q

What are the disadvantages of kidney transplant?

A
  • require drug treatment for the rest of your life
  • kidney rejection may occur
  • regular check-ups needed
  • limited availability of kidneys
  • average kidney only works for around 9 years (but can be longer)
20
Q

What’s xenotransplants?

A
  • is organs from other animals

- research into xenotransplants or using stem cells to grown organs could reduce the shortage of kidneys

21
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A
  • ones you’re born with

- ovaries in girls and testes in boys

22
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A
  • they’re stimulated by the release of oestrogen from the ovaries or testosterone from the testes
  • during puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop
23
Q

List all 7 secondary sexual characteristics in females?

A
  • growth spurt
  • growth of pubic and underarm hair
  • external genitalia
  • eggs start to mature each month in the ovaries until they run out (menopause)
  • deposition of fat on hips, buttocks and thighs
  • the brain changes and matures
  • the uterus grows becomes active and mensuration starts
24
Q

List all 7 secondary sexual characteristics in males?

A
  • growth spurt
  • growth of pubic, underarm and facial hair
  • external genitalia grows
  • sperm production begins in the testes and continues for life
  • increased muscle development broader chest and shoulders
  • the brain changes and matures
  • the larynx gets bigger and the voice breaks
25
Q

What’s the menstrual cycle?

A
  • a 28 day sequence to control a woman’s ability to support a developing baby
  • it’s controlled by 4 main hormones
26
Q

What does FSH do?

A
  1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain
    - it makes the egg start to mature in the ovaries
    - it also stimulates the ovaries to secret oestrogen
27
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A
  1. Oestrogen is released by the ovaries
    - it causes the lining of the womb (uterus) to thicken, ready to receive a fertilised egg
    - it stops further FSH production
    - it triggers LH to be released by the pituitary gland
28
Q

What’s LH?

A
  1. Luteinising hormone

- LH from the pituitary gland stimulates the mature egg to be released from the ovary (ovulation)

29
Q

What’s progesterone?

A
  1. It’s produced in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation
    - maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle. When the level of progesterone falls the lining breaks down
    - it stops the release of LH and FSH
30
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Stage 1-mensuration starts. The uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days
Stage 2- the uterus lining builds up again from day 4 to 14, into a thick layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg
Stage 3- an egg develops and is released from the ovary on day 14 (this is called ovulation)
Stage 4- the wall is then maintained for about 14 days until day 28. If no fertilised egg lands on the uterus wall by day 28. The spongy lining breaks down and the whole cycle starts again

GCSE B3 (12 decks)

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