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2 - GEOGRAPHY 2 > 2 - HYDROSPHERE > Flashcards

2 - HYDROSPHERE Flashcards

1
Q

Our planet’s surface is dominated by water; over _____ of the surface of the earth is covered by liquid water, in oceans and lakes, and solid water, in the ice of glaciers, icecaps, and sea ice.

A

70 percent

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2
Q

the fall of liquid or solid (ice) water from the atmosphere to reach the Earth ’s land or ocean surface.

A

Precipitation

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3
Q

a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen.

A

water molecule (H2O)

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4
Q
  • The attraction between individual water molecules creates a bond known as a
A

hydrogen bond.

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5
Q

a force that acts to reduce the surface area of a liquid.

A
  • Surface Tension
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6
Q

how much heat energy is needed raise the temperature of a substance.

A
  • Specific Heat
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7
Q

THREE STATES OF WATER

A

as a solid (ice)
liquid (water)
invisible gas (water vapor)

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8
Q

absorbed and held in storage in a gas or liquid during the processes of evaporation, melting, or sublimation; energy released in condensation, freezing, or deposition.

A
  • Latent Heat Energy
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9
Q
  • flow of latent heat that results when water absorbs energy from its surroundings and changes from a liquid or solid to a gas and then later releases that energy to new surroundings by condensation or deposition.
A
  • Latent Heat Transfer
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10
Q

CHANGES OF THE STATE OF WATER

A

Evaporation
Melting
Freezing
Condensation
Sublimation
Deposition

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11
Q

process by which water in a liquid state passes into the vapor state.

A
  • Evaporation
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12
Q

change from solid state to liquid state, accompanied by absorption of energy from the surroundings that is stored as latent heat.

A
  • Melting
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13
Q

change from liquid to solid state, accompanied by release of latent heat energy.

A
  • Freezing
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14
Q

process of change of matter in the gaseous state (water vapor) to the liquid state (liquid water) or solid state (ice).

A
  • Condensation
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15
Q

process of change of ice (solid state) to water vapor (gaseous state).

A
  • Sublimation
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16
Q

change of state of a substance from a gas (water vapor) to a solid (ice).

A
  • Deposition
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17
Q

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (g) of water through 1° Celsius.

A
  • Calorie
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18
Q
  • World Oceans
A

97.2%

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19
Q
  • Fresh Water
A

2.8%

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20
Q

o Ice sheets and glaciers

A

2.15%

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21
Q

o Groundwater

A

0.63%

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22
Q

describes the global flow of water to and from oceans, land, and atmosphere. Water moves by evaporation, precipitation, and runoff.

A

hydrologic cycle

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23
Q

evaporative loss of water to the atmosphere from leaf pores of plants.

A
  • Transpiration
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24
Q

refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. Warm air can hold much more water vapor than cold air.

A
  • Humidity
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25
Q

gaseous state of water.

A
  • Water Vapor
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26
Q

an instrument used to measure humidity.

A
  • Hygrometer
27
Q

made up of condensed water droplets, ice particles, or a mixture of both, suspended in air.

A
  • Clouds
28
Q

tiny bit of solid matter (aerosol) in the atmosphere on which water vapor condenses to form a very small water droplet.

A
  • Condensation Nucleus
29
Q

cloud layer in contact with land or sea surface, or very close to that surface.

A
  • Fog
30
Q

tiny droplets of water hanging in the air. These droplets form when warmer water in the air is rapidly cooled, causing it to change from invisible gas to tiny visible water droplets.

A
  • Mist
31
Q

TYPES OF FOG

A
  • Radiation Fog
  • Valley Fog
  • Advection Fog
  • Freezing Fog
32
Q

Produced by radiation cooling of the basal air layer. Radiation fog forms in the evening when heat absorbed by the Earth’s surface during the day is radiated into the air.

A

RADIATION FOG

33
Q

Sometimes people use the term _____ to refer to radiation fog. This does not reach as high as any of the clouds overhead. It usually forms at night.

A

“ground fog”

34
Q
  • Forms in mountain valleys, usually during winter.
A

VALLEY FOG

35
Q
  • Produced by condensation within a moist basal air layer moving over a cold land or water surface.
A

ADVECTION FOG

36
Q

a scientific name describing the movement of fluid.

A

advection

37
Q
  • Happens when the liquid fog droplets freeze to solid surfaces.
A

FREEZING FOG

38
Q

mixture of aerosols and chemical pollutants in the lower atmosphere, usually found over urban areas.

A
  • Smog
39
Q

minor concentration of pollutants or natural forms of aerosols in the atmosphere causing a reduction in visibility.

A
  • Haze
40
Q
  • The cloud classification scheme used today was developed in 1803 by ______, an English naturalist.
A

Luke Howard

41
Q
  • The World Meteorological Organization published the _______ in 1956 based on Howard’s classification scheme.
A

International Cloud Atlas

42
Q
  • Howard employed Latin words to create three different groups of clouds based on their appearance:
A
  1. Cirrus (wispy, feathered)
  2. Cumulus (heaped, Puffy)
  3. Stratus (Layered)
  4. Alto group (newly added)
43
Q
  • A high cloud with a feathery appearance that is composed of ice crystals.
A
  1. Cirrus (wispy, feathered)
44
Q
  • A dome-shaped, bunched cloud, with a flat base and billowy upper portions.
A
  1. Cumulus (heaped, Puffy)
45
Q
  • A cloud type characterized by low, flat sheets of clouds.
A
  1. Stratus (Layered)
46
Q

which, in the context of cloud names, means “middle.”

  • This are mid-level clouds that are fluffy and look like large cotton balls.
A
  1. Alto group
47
Q

dense, tall clouds that produce rain or thundershowers

A

Cumulonimbus

48
Q

the process by which cloud droplets merge to form raindrops.

A
  • Collision And Coalescence
49
Q

particles of liquid water or ice that fall from the atmosphere and may reach the ground.

A
  • Precipitation
50
Q

The process by which ice crystals grow within a cloud to form snow.

A
  • Ice-crystal Process (or Bergeron process)
51
Q

Swedish meteorologist

A
  • Tor Harold Percival Bergeron
52
Q
  • The ice-crystal process (or Bergeron process) forms snow in clouds in which the temperature is _______
A

0°C or below.

53
Q

the temperature is above 0°C, and the collision-and-coalescence process dominates.

A

warm clouds

54
Q

the temperature is below 0°C throughout, and the ice-crystal process dominates.

A

cold clouds

55
Q
  • Clouds with a range of temperatures, and in which both processes occur, are called
A

mixed cloud

56
Q

FOUR TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

A

Rain Form
Snow Form
Sleet Form
Freezing rain

57
Q

precipitation consisting of falling water drops, usually 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) or larger in diameter.

A
  • Rain Form
58
Q

precipitation consisting of ice particles

A
  • Snow Form
59
Q

precipitation consisting of ice pellets, which may be frozen raindrops.

A
  • Sleet Form
60
Q

a rare type of liquid precipitation that strikes a cold surface and freezes almost instantly.

A
  • Freezing rain
61
Q

precipitation consisting of pellets or spheres of ice with a concentric layered structure.

A
  • Hail Form
62
Q

can travel through much of the height of the storm during its development and may make multiple vertical loops.

A
  • Hail-producing thunderstorm
63
Q

Instrument used to measure the amount of rain that has fallen.

A
  • Rain Gauge

2 - GEOGRAPHY 2 (7 decks)

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