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H, Y1, Empire: (S1) 1857-90 Development of Imperialism > (2) Imperial and Colonial Policy > Flashcards

(2) Imperial and Colonial Policy Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: cabinet minister

A

One of a committee of senior minister responsible for controlling government policy

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2
Q

Definition: monopoly

A

Exclusive right to control trade

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3
Q

Definition: sepoys

A

Indian soldiers serving in the East India Company

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4
Q

Definition: Raj

A

British rule from 1858-1947 Hindi term for ‘king’ or ‘tule’

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5
Q

Definition: Indigenous

A

Native or born in area

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6
Q

Definition: free trade

A

A system whereby goods are important and exported without restriction or tariffs

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7
Q

Definition: effective occupation

A

A European power which could demonstrate that it had a local treaty agreement and an active administration and was able to police the territory, was recognised as it’s rightful ruler

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8
Q

What the colonial office consisted of

A
  • 5 main departments: N A, Aus, W Indies, Africa and Med

- Headed by cabinet minister with title ‘colonial secretary’

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9
Q

Extent of control of trade for the colonial office

A
  • did not run all British possessions oversees

- some protectorates and areas under authority of the foreign office

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10
Q

Role of the East India Company. What was it? What happened?

A
  • company that run India originally
  • a monopoly over British trade within Asia
  • disbanded after Indian Mutiny
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11
Q

India administration: impact of the Mutiny on the control of India

A
  • change of rule needed to prevent further occurrences

- East India Company disbanded and Queen Victoria apologied

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12
Q

India administration: Terms of the Government of India Act 1858

A
  • eic companies passed to queen
  • Secretary of State of India created
  • 15 members of the a new Indian council
  • Viceroy
  • civil service controlled by Secretary of State
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13
Q

India administration: how victory was helped to rule the country

A
  • with legislative council who took control of finance, law, army, economy Edit
  • provincial councils led by governors with their own council members
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14
Q

India administration: Who was in the Indian Civil Service?

A
  • consisted of many British professionals
  • mostly white
  • bilingual Indians appointed as a low level clerks across provinces
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15
Q

India administration: How did Britain cooperated with native people and sustain power?

A
  • native rulers of princely states
  • ‘doctrine of lapse’ British control after native bloodline went
  • status for rulers
  • some acceptable of local tradition within legal system
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16
Q

India administration: examples of development under British rule

A
  • public work schemes

- transport, building railway network

17
Q

India administration: public opinion by native Indians about British rule

A
  • crown now different from EIC
  • Englishmen ran the subcontinent
  • Indian National Congress in 1885 to debate and criticise English rule and demand for greater role in gov
18
Q

India’s defence: Reasons for strengthening the army

A
  • mutiny rises British lives and commercial interest

- rule should not be taken for granted

19
Q

India’s defence: army structure

A
  • Proportion British to Indian troops raised to 1:2

- in late 1880s had 70k Brits and 120k Indians

20
Q

India’s defence: how Britain controlled the army

A
  • troops trained in own districts and cut off from one another to prevent unity
  • increased number of Gurkhas and Sikhs who had been loyal to Britain instead of Bengali troops
  • more British officers
  • artillery put into the hands of Britain
  • natives denied office ranking
21
Q

India’s defence: role of the railway

A
  • exaggerate British presence

- deploy troops swiftly

22
Q

Scramble for Africa: reasons for involvement

A
  • concerned about position compared to other European countries
  • industrial challenge
  • 1873 Great Depression encouraged expansion and search for new markets
  • sense of exploration into ‘dark continent’
23
Q

Scramble for Africa: Threat of Germany

A
  • huge supply of natural recourses
  • united country
  • increased presence oversees with new merchant ships
24
Q

Scramble for Africa: Threat of France

A
  • after defeat to Germany in 1871, serge in development in arms
  • wanted to restore ‘rightful’ place in the world
  • foothold in Indo-China in the 1860s
25
Q

Scramble for Africa: Threat of Russia

A
  • expanded their economy in Central Asia
  • Empire extended to boarders of Afghanistan
  • railway which threatened India
26
Q

Scramble for Africa: Brussels Conference 1876, who and why

A
  • King Leopold

- protect Belgium interests in Congo and hosted the conference for explorers and leaders

27
Q

Scramble for Africa: Brussels Conference 1876, agreements

A
  • indigenous people incapable of developing natural recourses
  • intervention necessary
  • new routes to Africa’s lakes through roads and railways
  • Internationals African Association to coordinate affairs
28
Q

Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference 1884-85, who and why

A
  • Otto Bon Bismarck

- for European powers and USA

29
Q

Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference 1884-85, Initial tasks

A
  • Basins and mouths of Congo and Niger River to be left open for trade
  • major powers mapped our ‘spheres of influence
30
Q

Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference 1884-85, General terms

A
  • all nations trade in basin of Congo
  • power and influence should protect indigenous people and suppress slave trade
  • support religious, scientific and charitable undertakings
  • if land is taken on coasts, must signify to leaders
  • principle of Effective Occupation
31
Q

Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference 1884-85, Successes

A
  • good European relations

- expanded empire in ordered fashion

32
Q

Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference 1884-85, failures

A
  • did nothing for indigenous people
  • no representation of indigenous people
  • Boarders did not recognise natural ethnic, linguistic and religious divide
  • no effort to stop Arab Slave Trade

H, Y1, Empire: (S1) 1857-90 Development of Imperialism (5 decks)

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