2 - insulin and diabetes Flashcards
(33 cards)
difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
type 1 - inability to produce insulin
type 2 - insulin resistance in muscle so muscle is unable to use glucose
- they both lead to increased blood glucose
what does insulin stimulate?
the uptake, use and storage of glucose
- glucose ->glycogen (glycogenesis)
- triglyceride synthesis (lipogenesis)
- protein synthesis
what does insulin inhibit?
- glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
- glucose production (gluconeogenesis)
- fat breakdown
- protein breakdown
what is diabetes?
its a disease where the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin, leading to hyperglycemia
type 1 diabetes explained
- decreased insulin from pancreas is delivered to blood vessels
- increased glucose due to low insulin
- muscle unable to use glucose due to low insulin
- glycogen and protein breakdown causes keto-acidosis
type 2 diabetes explained
- sufficient insulin from pancreas is delivered to blood stream
- increased glucose in blood stream
- muscle unable to use glucose due to insulin resistance
- obesity, inheritance and other factors leading to insulin resistance
what are the 3 P’s?
polyuria - the need to urinate frequently
polydipsia - increased thirst and fluid intake
polyphagia - increased appetite
what are the changes in adipose tissue with increasing adiposity?
- lean with normal metabolic function
- obese with mild metabolic function
- obese with full metabolic disfunction
key points: increased inflammation and loss of metabolic control
what is intermediate hyperglycaemia “prediabetes”
- biochemical state where a person has impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
what is metabolic syndrome?
a cluster of interrelated metabolic abnormalities that ca increase the risk of diabetes and other conditions
How does polyuria come about?
BGL levels are elevated causing the filtration rate to exceed the amount that the kidneys can absorb
How does polydipsia come about?
Results from intracellular dehydration because BGL rise
How does polyphagia come about?
Results from cellular starvation and the depletion of carbs, fats and proteins
What does “osmotic diuresis” mean?
Glucose polar molecule > gets in urine and takes H2o with it
What would the HbA1c and FBG tests results show for someone with intermediate hyperglycemia?
HbA1c = 41-49mmol/L
FBG: 6.1-6.9 mmol/L
What level of HbA1c and FBG results in the diagnoses of diabetes?
HbA1c = 50mmol/L or greater FBG = >7mmol/L
What are the risk factors in getting T1DM?
genes
pre/post viral infection
What is the pathogenesis of T1DM?
activates the immune system
infiltration of beta cells in pancreas
leading to destruction
what are some diagnostic tests that can be used for T1DM?
- HbA1c
- fasting blood glucose (FBG)
- glucose tolerance test
- measure antibodies
Signs and symptoms of T1DM
3 P’s
weight loss
fatigue
management of T1DM
- try to match insulin dose with food intake
- exercise
What are acute complications of T1DM
- hypoglycemia (brain not getting enough glucose DKA)
what are chronic complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
- retinopathy,
- amputations,
- neucopathy (nerve damage)
- nephronpathy (kidney damage)
- infections
- poor wound healing
what are the risk factors of T2DM
- genes
- age
- ethnicity
- envrionment factors
- low physical activity
- increased BP
- metabolic syndrome
