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Pharmacology > 2. Intro to ANS > Flashcards

2. Intro to ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers of the Parasympathetic Nervous System arise from?

A
  • CN nuclei III, VII, X
  • Sacral region (S2-S4) of the spinal cord
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2
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers of the PNS synapse?

A

Ganglia close to the effector organ

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3
Q

In the PNS are the pre-ganglionic fibers long or short?

A

long

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4
Q

In the PNS are the post-ganglionic fibers long or short?

A

short

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5
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers of the Sympathetic Nervous System arise from?

A
  • Thoracic (T1-T2) region of the spinal cord
  • Lumbar (L1-L5) region of the spinal cord
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6
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers of the SNS synapse?

A
  • Paravertebral ganglia close and parallel to the vertebral column
  • Post-ganglionic axons lead to an effector organ
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7
Q

How is the role of the SNS illustrated by a person who is threatened? (4)

A
  • HR increases
  • Breathing is rapid and deep
  • Skin is cold and sweaty
  • Pupils dilate
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8
Q

How is the role of the PNS illustrated by a person who relaxes after a meal? (4)

A
  • BP, HR, RR are low
  • GI tract activity is high
  • Skin is warm
  • Pupils are constricted
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9
Q

What do sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers release?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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10
Q

What are the two types of receptors for ACh?

A
  • Muscarinic
  • Nicotinic
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11
Q

What receptors do post-ganglionic nerves have?

A

Nicotinic

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12
Q

What do post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves release?

A

NE

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13
Q

What do post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves release?

A

ACh

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14
Q

What receptors do NE from post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves bind to?

A

Adrenergic

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15
Q

What receptors do ACh from post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves bind to?

A

Muscarinic

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16
Q

What is the SNS exception for sweat glands?

A

Post-ganglionic nerves release ACh, which binds to muscarinic receptors

Normally NE to adrenergic receptors

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17
Q

What is the SNS exception for the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal gland is both post-ganglionic and effector organ, releasing NE

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18
Q

How does adrenergic transmission begin?

A

Tyrosine is transported actively into the noradrenergic nerve ending

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19
Q

What occures after tyrosine enters the nerve terminal?

A

Tyrosine is converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and then to dopamine

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20
Q

What occurs in adrenergic transmission once dopamine is synthesized?

A

Dopamine is transported into the vesicles and then converted to NE by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

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21
Q

Where is NE further converted to Epinephrine?

A

Adrenal Medulla

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22
Q

What is the agonist action for the α1 adrenergic receptor?

A
  • Smooth muscle contraction
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Lipolysis
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23
Q

What is the agonist action for the α2 adrenergic receptor?

A
  • Post-junctional: smooth muscle contraction
  • Pre-junctional: inhibit NT release
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24
Q

What is the agonist action for the β1 adrenergic receptor?

A
  • Contraction
    • Increase cardiac rate and force
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25
What is the agonist action for the β2 adrenergic receptor?
Relaxation of visceral smooth muscle
26
What is the agonist action for the β3 adrenergic receptor?
* Lipolysis in fat cells * Detrusor muscle relaxation
27
What is the fate of catecholamines?
1. **NE** in the synaptic space is **actively re-uptaken** into the nerve and the **storage vesicles (U1)** * **​​***It is the most important mechanism for termination of the action* 2. **NE** penetrates into **smooth cells (U2)** and diffuses away from the receptor site. ​
28
What is the fate of NE after it penetrates into smooth cells (U2)?
Inactivated by the **COMT** enzyme to **normetanephrine (NMN)**
29
How is ACh synthesized?
From **Ac-CoA + choline** through the catalytic action of **choline acetyl transferase (CHAT)**
30
What terminates the action of ACh?
**Acetylcholine-esterase (ACHE)** hydrolyzes ACh, terminating the action of the transmitter
31
Where are **muscarinic receptors** **(mA****ChR)** primarily located?
* On effector cells that are innervated by _postganglionic parasympathetic nerves:_ * **​****Smooth muscle** * **Heart** * **Secretory glands**
32
What receptors are G protein-coupled?
* Muscarinic receptors * Dopamine receptors
33
Where are nicotinic receptors (nAChR) located?
* On _postganglionic nerve cell bodies:_ * _​_At all **autonomic ganglia** * **Adrenal medulla** * **Motor end-plate** of **SKM** at the **NMJ** in somatic NS
34
What receptors are **ligand-gated ion channels**?
Nicotinic receptors
35
What are nicotinic receptors permeable to?
Cations
36
What is the signal transduction mechanism of **nicotinic receptors**?
**Open Na+ and K+ channels** at: * Autonomic ganglia * Motor-end plate
37
What is the effect of dopamine on the **heart**?
* **Increases myocardial contractility** and **CO** * Without changing HR * *D4 receptors*
38
What is the effect of dopamine on the kidney?
* **Diuresis:** excessive production of urine * **Natriuresis:** Na excretion in urine, lowers [Na] in blood, which decreases BV *Receptors present along the nephron, with prox tubule epithelial cells showing the highest density*
39
Where are purinergic nerves found? (5)
* GI Tract * Vasculature * Lungs * Bladder * CNS
40
What is stored in the vesicles of purinergic nerve endings? When released, whic purinergic receptor does it directly activate?
**ATP** P2 receptors
41
In purinergic transmission ATP can also be broken down to what? What does it activate?
**Adenosine** P1 receptors (adenosine receptors)
42
In purinergic transmission what is the function of Adenosine?
Regulate the **release of NE** through a feedback mechanism.
43
In purinergic transmission what is the function of ATP?
Can act as a **co-transmitter** with **NE** and **ACh**
44
Release of more than one neurotransmitter from the same nerve terminal may result in...
**Synergistic** = opposite actions
45
What is the function of the G protein-linked receptor **Gαs**?
* Activates effector enzymes such as **adenylyl cyclase** leading to the: * Production of **cAMP** * Activation of **PKA**
46
What is the function of the G protein-linked receptor **GαI**?
Inhibits **adenylyl cyclase**, which causes **decreased cAMP**​ production
47
What is the function of the G protein-linked receptor **GαQ**?
1. Activates **phospholipase C**​ (**PLC**) 2. Hydrolyzes **PIP2** * ​Stimulating **PKC** * Releasing **Ca2+**​ from intracellular binding sites by **IP3**
48
What is the main integration center of ANS activity?
Hypothalamus
49
Whats effects may be superimposed on the effects exerted by the hypothalamus?
**Limbic System** * Also plays an important role in: * ​Pattern of **sexual activity** * States of **rage and fear**
50
What also makes contributions to patterns of autonomic activity, but their importance is less than that of the hypothalamus?
* Cerebellum * Cerebral Cortex
51
What drug enhances nor-adrenergic transmission (mechanism of action of SNS drugs), by **facilitating release**?
Amphetamine
52
What drug enhances nor-adrenergic transmission (mechanism of action of SNS drugs), by **blocking reuptake**?
Cocaine
53
What drug enhances nor-adrenergic transmission (mechanism of action of SNS drugs), acting as a **receptor agonist**?
Phenylephrine
54
What drug reduces nor-adrenergic transmission by **inhibiting synthesis**?
methyltrosine
55
What drug reduces nor-adrenergic transmission by **disrupting vesicular transport and storage**?
reserpine
56
What drug reduces nor-adrenergic transmission by **inhibiting release**?
guanethidine
57
What drug reduces nor-adrenergic transmission by acting as a **receptor antagonists**?
phentolamine
58
What drug is a nicotinic receptor agonists?
nicotine
59
What drug is a muscarinic receptor agonists?
bethanechol
60
What drug is a cholinesterase inhibitor?
physostigmine
61
What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via inhibitors of vesicular ACh transport?
vesamicol
62
What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via inhibitors of exocytotic release?
botulinum toxin
63
What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via nicotinic receptor antagonists?
mecamylamine
64
What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via muscarinic receptor antagonists?
atropine
65
What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via inhibitors of high-affinity choline transport?
hemicholinium
66
What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
bromopyruvate

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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