2. Joints

Question 1

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 1

Synovial
Fibrous
Carlitegenous

Question 2

Define joints?

Answer 2

The areas where 2 bones are attached to allow the body to move

Question 3

Describe fibrous joints?

Answer 3

Immoveable

Within the skull or the sacrum

Question 4

Describe cartilaginous joint?

Answer 4

Slightly moveable

E.g. ribs and vertebrate

Question 5

Describe synovial joints?

Answer 5

Freely moveable

The distinct feature is the synovial capsule surrounding the joints plus the presence of the synovial fluid.

Question 6

List the types of synovial joint?

Answer 6

Hinge
Ball and Socket
Gliding
Pivot
Condyloid

Question 7

What factors impact the joint?

Answer 7

The shape of the articular surfaces
Capsule and ligaments/tendons
Muscle tone
Gravity

Question 8

What are ligaments?

Answer 8

Dense collagen fibres attaching bone to bone
Occur across joints
Strongest in the direction of pull with fibres
Do not function well when twisted

Question 9

What are tendons?

Answer 9

Connect muscle to bone
Tight packed collagen bundles
twice the strength of the muscles
Essential in movement

Question 10

What is synovial fluid?

Answer 10

fluid contained within the capsule which acts as a shock absorber

Question 11

What is the function of synovial fluid?

Answer 11

1. Lubrication
2. Nutrient distribution
3. Shock absorption

Question 12

What are bursae?

Answer 12

Small fluid filled pockets in connective tissue.
Contain synovial fluid and lined by a synovial membrane.
Form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues.

Question 13

What is the function of bursae?

Answer 13

Reduce friction

Act as a shock absorber

Question 14

What is a condyloid joint?

Answer 14

Permits movement in 2 planes
Flexion/extention as well as abduction/adduction
e.g. the wrist

Question 15

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 15

Move alone one axis - flexion and extension

Question 16

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 16

Allows multidirectional movement and rotation
Movement in every plane
e.g. hip and femur

Question 17

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 17

Allows rotary movement around a single axis
One bone rotates around the other
e.g. neck

Question 18

What is a gliding/plane joint?

Answer 18

When bones meet at flat surfaces
Small shifting movemements
e.g. within the fingers and toes

Question 19

What is flexion?

Answer 19

The reduction of an angle at the joint
The bending of a joint
bringing the bones closer together

Question 20

What is extension?

Answer 20

Increasing the angle at the joint.

The straightening/opening of a joint

Question 21

What is hyperextension?

Answer 21

Moving a joint into excessive extension

Question 22

What is abduction?

Answer 22

Movement away from the midline

Happens on the frontal plane

Question 23

What is adduction?

Answer 23

Moving towards the midline

ADD to the body

Question 24

What is elevation?

Answer 24

To raise a joint

e.g. Elevation of the scapula during a shoulder shrug

Question 25

What is depression?

Answer 25

To pull down a joint | E.g. opening the mouth is the depression of the jaw

Question 26

What is horizontal flexion?

Answer 26

Movement forward of the body on the transverse plane | e.g. chest fly

Question 27

What is lateral flexion?

Answer 27

To bend sideways in the horizontal plane | e.g. trunk sideways

Question 28

What is horizontal extension?

Answer 28

The movement opposite to the horizontal plane | e.g. reverse fly

Question 29

What is rotation?

Answer 29

Rotary movement along the axis

Question 30

What is protraction?

Answer 30

Drawing the shoulder forward | To PROTRUDE

Question 31

What is retraction?

Answer 31

Pulling the shoulder backwards | To RETRACT

Question 32

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 32

Pointing the toes away from the body e.g. pushing down on a pedal PLANTing foot on the ground

Question 33

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 33

Pulling the toes towards the body | e.g. raising toes up to the sky

Question 34

What is eversion?

Answer 34

Turning the foot outwards at the talo-crual joint

Question 35

What is inversion?

Answer 35

Turning the foot inwards at the talo-crual joint | Turn IN

Question 36

What is pronation?

Answer 36

Turning the palm down | prone to spilling

Question 37

What is supination?

Answer 37

Turning the palm up | carrying soup

Question 38

What is opposition?

Answer 38

Meeting of the thumb and 5th finger

Question 39

What actions occurs along the sagittal plane?

Answer 39

Flexion and extension

Question 40

What is the midline known as?

Answer 40

The midsagittal plane

Question 41

What actions occur along the frontal plane?

Answer 41

Adduction and abduction

Question 42

What action occurs along the transverse plane?

Answer 42

Roataion

Question 43

Where is the posterior of the body?

Answer 43

A structure further towards the back than to the front

Question 44

Where is the anterior of the body?

Answer 44

A structure further in front than behind

Question 45

What does distal mean?

Answer 45

A structure further away from the trunk/midline

Question 46

What does proximal mean?

Answer 46

A structure closer to the trunk

Question 47

What is a saddle joint?

Answer 47

Allows movement within 2 planes e.g. thumb

Question 48

How many types of joint are there?

Answer 48

6

Question 49

Name the 6 types of joints

Answer 49

1. Hinge 2. Saddle 3. Condyloid 4. Ball and socket 5. Gliding 6. Pivot